{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1794605508965,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Given the sparse data on vitamin D status in pediatric COVID-19, we investigated whether vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents. We also investigated whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism could be a genetic marker for COVID-19 susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One hundred and eighty patients diagnosed to have COVID\u201019 and 200 matched control children and adolescents were recruited. Patients were laboratory confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive by real-time RT-PCR. All participants were genotyped for VDR Fok1 polymorphism by RT-PCR. Vitamin D status was defined as sufficient for serum 25(OH) D at least 30\u2009ng\/mL, insufficient at 21\u201329\u2009ng\/mL, deficient at &lt;20\u2009ng\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ninety-four patients (52%) had low vitamin D levels with 74 (41%) being deficient and 20 (11%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with 2.6-fold increased risk for COVID-19 (OR\u2009=\u20092.6; [95% CI 1.96\u20134.9]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002. The FokI FF genotype was significantly more represented in patients compared to control group (OR\u2009=\u20094.05; [95% CI: 1.95\u20138.55]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and VDR Fok I polymorphism may constitute independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency could be a modifiable risk factor for COVID-19 in children and adolescents because of its immune-modulatory action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, ours is the first such study to investigate the VDR <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic> I polymorphism in Caucasian children and adolescents with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and the VDR <jats:italic>Fok<\/jats:italic> I polymorphism may constitute independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trials should be urgently conducted to test for causality and to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 taking into account the VDR polymorphisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02275-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T09:23:48Z","timestamp":1662715428000},"page":"1383-1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Nancy M. S.","family":"Zeidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan M. Abd El","family":"Lateef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan A.","family":"Razek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada A. B.","family":"Abd-Elrehim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nashat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"ElGyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevin M.","family":"Waked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attia A.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Elhewala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M. M.","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. A.","family":"Ibraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif M.","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagwa E.","family":"Akeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa I. A.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abdelmohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S. E.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba H.","family":"Eltrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehan H.","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab M.","family":"Nabil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thoraya A.","family":"Hosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Abdelhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona R.","family":"Afify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohanned T.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Nagshabandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muyassar K.","family":"Tarabulsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif F.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal S. M.","family":"Abd-Elrazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal M.","family":"Rashad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya A. A.","family":"El-Gaaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said A. B.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aly A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2275_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int (2022)."},{"key":"2275_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497\u2013506 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2275_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, 271.e8\u2013280.e8 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2275_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W. J. et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1708\u20131720 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2275_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323, 1061\u20131069 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2275_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.007","volume":"39","author":"JW Pike","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pike, J. W. & Meyer, M. B. The vitamin D receptor: new paradigms for the regulation of gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 39, 255\u2013269 (2010).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2275_CR7","unstructured":"Martineau, A. R. et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 356, i6583 (2017)."},{"key":"2275_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206680","volume":"70","author":"RC Dancer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dancer, R. C. et al. Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thorax 70, 617\u2013624 (2015).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2275_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3289","volume":"125","author":"MA Underwood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Underwood, M. A. & Bevins, C. L. Defensin-barbed innate immunity: clinical associations in the pediatric population. Pediatrics 125, 1237\u20131247 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2275_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long, Q. X. et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat. Med. 26, 845\u2013848 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2275_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","volume":"12","author":"WB Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant, W. B. et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 12, 988 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2275_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, N. & Liu, Z. Sunlight and vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and mortality in the United States. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-32499\/v1 (2020).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-32499\/v1"},{"key":"2275_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01677-y","volume":"32","author":"A Daneshkhah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daneshkhah, A. et al. Evidence for possible association of vitamin D status with cytokine storm and unregulated inflammation in COVID-19 patients. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 32, 2141\u20132158 (2020).","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"2275_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1805-7","volume":"39","author":"Q Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Xi, B., Reilly, K. H., Liu, M. & Fu, M. Quantitative assessment of the associations between four polymorphisms (FokI, ApaI, BsmI, TaqI) of vitamin D receptor gene and risk of diabetes mellitus. Mol. Biol. Rep. 39, 9405\u20139414 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"2275_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067663","volume":"8","author":"O Neill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neill, O. et al. Vitamin D receptor gene expression and function in a South African population: ethnicity, vitamin D and FokI. PLoS ONE 8, e67663 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2275_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636043","volume":"37","author":"E van Etten","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Etten, E. et al. The vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism: functional impact on the immune system. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 395\u2013405 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2275_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25106","volume":"55","author":"K Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, K. & \u015een, V. Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID-19 in children? Pediatr. Pulmonol. 55, 3595\u20133601 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2275_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E180","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821001825","volume":"149","author":"A Alpcan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alpcan, A., Tursun, S. & Kandur, Y. Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19: a report from Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect. 149, E180 (2021).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"2275_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723957","volume":"16","author":"HA Ako\u011flu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ako\u011flu, H. A. et al. Evaluation of childhood COVID-19 cases: a retrospective analysis. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 16, 091\u2013098 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2275_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00345-5","volume":"16","author":"ZM Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. M. et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J. Pediatr. 16, 240\u2013246 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2275_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","volume":"18","author":"MF Holick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holick, M. F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 18, 153\u2013165 (2017).","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"2275_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.10.010","volume":"553","author":"B Freire-Paspuel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freire-Paspuel, B. et al. Analytical and clinical comparison of Viasure (CerTest Biotec) and 2019-nCoV CDC (IDT) RT-qPCR kits for SARS-CoV2 diagnosis. Virology 553, 154\u2013156 (2021).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2275_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-1065","volume":"21","author":"V Fedirko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fedirko, V. et al. Pre-diagnostic 25-hydroxyvitamin D, VDR and CASR polymorphisms and survival in patients with colorectal cancer in Western European Populations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 21, 582\u2013593 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"2275_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9060","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009060","volume":"97","author":"W Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Medicine 97, e9060 (2018).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2275_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21089","volume":"44","author":"JD McNally","year":"2009","unstructured":"McNally, J. D. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 44, 981\u2013988 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2275_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-013-1770-0","volume":"23","author":"N El Basha","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Basha, N., Mohsen, M., Kamal, M. & Mehaney, D. Association of vitamin D deficiency with severe pneumonia in hospitalized children under 5 years. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 23, 1247\u20131252 (2014).","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"2275_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736665","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736665","volume":"9","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiodini, I. et al. Vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Front Public Health 9, 736665 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2275_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15495","volume":"287","author":"E Merzon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merzon, E. et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 287, 3693\u20133702 (2020).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2275_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00277-w","volume":"48","author":"RT Pinzon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinzon, R. T. & Pradana, A. W. Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review. Trop. Med. Health 48, 102 (2020).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"2275_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-10-6","volume":"14","author":"G Beyazg\u00fcl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beyazg\u00fcl, G. et al. How vitamin D levels of children changed during COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 14, 188\u2013195 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2275_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521001562","volume":"127","author":"A Darren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darren, A. et al. Vitamin D status of children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (PIMS-TS). Br. J. Nutr. 127, 896\u2013903 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"2275_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01370-x","volume":"44","author":"GE Carpagnano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carpagnano, G. E. et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 44, 765\u2013771 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"2275_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24885","volume":"55","author":"TH de Souza","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Souza, T. H., Nadal, J. A., Nogueira, R. J. N., Pereira, R. M. & Brand\u00e3o, M. B. Clinical manifestations of children with COVID-19: a systematic review. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 55, 1892\u20131899 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2275_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1146","volume":"27","author":"J Kong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kong, J. et al. VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and renin-angiotensin system. Mol. Endocrinol. 27, 2116\u20132125 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2275_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064240","volume":"7","author":"CL Greiller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greiller, C. L. & Martineau, A. R. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 7, 4240\u20134270 (2015).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2275_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29821","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705495200","volume":"282","author":"W Yuan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yuan, W. et al. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 29821\u201329830 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2275_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.8.1301","volume":"49","author":"L Overbergh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Overbergh, L. et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces an autoantigen-specific T-helper 1\/T-helper 2 immune shift in NOD mice immunized with GAD65 (p524-543). Diabetes 49, 1301\u20131307 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2275_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25679","volume":"56","author":"HK Shafiek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafiek, H. K. et al. Cytokine profile in Egyptian children and adolescents with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicenter study. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 56, 3924\u20133933 (2021).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2275_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22179","volume":"83","author":"TL Kresfelder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kresfelder, T. L., Janssen, R., Bont, L., Pretorius, M. & Venter, M. Confirmation of an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene with respiratory syncytial virus related disease in South African children. J. Med. Virol. 83, 1834\u20131840 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2275_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149576","volume":"11","author":"WG Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, W. G. et al. Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism with susceptibility to symptomatic pertussis. PLoS ONE 11, e0149576 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2275_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2433-0","volume":"174","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Polymorphism rs2239185 in vitamin D receptor gene is associated with severe community-acquired pneumonia of children in Chinese Han population: a case\u2013control study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 174, 621\u2013629 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2275_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0149-y","volume":"84","author":"H Abouzeid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abouzeid, H. et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children: a multicenter study. Pediatr. Res. 84, 639\u2013644 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"2275_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14664","volume":"96","author":"T Apaydin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Apaydin, T. et al. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on the prognosis of COVID-19. Clin. Endocrinol. 96, 819\u2013830 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2275_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105098","volume":"96","author":"R Abdollahzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdollahzadeh, R. et al. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical\/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Infect. Genet. Evol. 96, 105098 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"2275_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.3.0435","volume":"14","author":"PW Jurutka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jurutka, P. W. et al. The polymorphic N terminus in human vitamin D receptor isoforms influences transcriptional activity by modulating interaction with transcription factor IIB. Mol. Endocrinol. 14, 401\u2013420 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-022-02275-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-022-02275-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-022-02275-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T15:20:38Z","timestamp":1682522438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-022-02275-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-022-02275-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consents were provided by parents or legal guardians for all participants. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}