{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:36:30Z","timestamp":1772127390955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Probiotics have a protective effect on various diseases. In neonatology, they are predominantly used to prevent necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a severe inflammatory disease of the neonatal intestine. The mechanisms by which probiotics act are diverse; little is known about their direct effect on neonatal immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we investigated the effect of probiotics on the functions of neonatal monocytes in an in vitro model using three different strains (<jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> (LR), <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic> (LA) and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium bifidum<\/jats:italic> (BB)) and mononuclear cells isolated from cord blood.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We show that stimulation with LR induces proinflammatory effects in neonatal monocytes, such as increased expression of surface molecules involved in monocyte activation, increased production of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similar effects were observed when monocytes were stimulated simultaneously with LPS. Stimulation with LA and BB alone or in combination also induced cytokine production in monocytes, with BB showing the least effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that probiotics increase the defence functions of neonatal monocytes and thus possibly favourably influence the newborn\u2019s ability to fight infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Probiotics induce a proinflammatory response in neonatal monocytes in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>This is a previously unknown mechanism of how probiotics modulate the immune response of newborns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Probiotic application to neonates may increase their ability to fight off infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02400-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T13:03:52Z","timestamp":1670418232000},"page":"103-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Different probiotic strains alter human cord blood monocyte responses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Xenia","family":"R\u00fcckle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"R\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Hebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian F.","family":"Poets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3718-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"K\u00f6stlin-Gille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002976","volume":"40","author":"N Kostlin-Gille","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kostlin-Gille, N. et al. 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