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We assessed whether prenatal inflammation and early-childhood vitamin D are associated with inflammation until age 6\u20138.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed blood hs-CRP and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] in pregnancy, at birth from umbilical cord blood (UCB), from offspring at ages 1, 2, and 6\u20138 years in the Vitamin D Intervention in Infants (VIDI) study. VIDI was a randomized-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation of 10\u2009\u03bcg\/day or 30\u2009\u03bcg\/day from age 2 weeks until 2 years in 975 infants recruited in 2013\u201314, with follow-up at age 6\u20138 in 2019\u201321 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009283).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pregnancy hs-CRP was associated with UCB hs-CRP (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not independently with childhood hs-CRP (Estimate [95% CI] 0.04 [&lt;\u22120.00, 0.09]). Higher UCB hs-CRP was associated independently with higher hs-CRP until 6\u20138 years (0.20 [0.12, 0.29]). Infant vitamin D dose had no effect on longitudinal hs-CRP (6\u20138 years, 0.11 [\u22120.04, 0.25]). Childhood 25(OH)D were associated positively with hs-CRP until age 6\u20138 (0.01 [&gt;0.00, 0.01]).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results indicate that in children, inflammation, assessed by hs-CRP, persists from birth until 6\u20138 years. We observed positive associations between 25(OH)D and hs-CRP in vitamin D-sufficient children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations tract from birth to age 8 years<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Our novel finding suggests a long-lasting pro-inflammatory phenotype in the child<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Higher vitamin D concentration - but not dose \u2013 is associated with higher childhood hs-CRP<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic disease risk related to inflammation may in part originate from the prenatal period or early childhood<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of inflammation on long-term clinical health outcomes<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03019-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T19:02:25Z","timestamp":1705345345000},"page":"1578-1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-grade inflammation from prenatal period to age 6\u20138 years in a Vitamin D trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Helena H.","family":"Hauta-alus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Rosendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa M.","family":"Holmlund-Suila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saara M.","family":"Valkama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Enlund-Cerullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Nurhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Kajantie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sture","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12003","volume":"14","author":"J Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi, J., Joseph, L. & Pilote, L. 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