{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:04:45Z","timestamp":1793210685858,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Systematically review the management of infants with severe bronchiolitis in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting with a focus on high-risk infants to identify gaps in evidence-based knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This systematic review utilised Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) to examine the literature on the PICU management of bronchiolitis in infants &lt;24 months old. Three databases, Embase, PubMed and Medline, were searched and higher levels of evidence I, II and III were included.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were 455 papers reviewed and 26 met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, 19 of these studied respiratory interventions such as positive airway pressure and oxygen delivery. The remaining 7 examined: erythropoietin, caffeine, dexamethasone, protein supplementation, ribavirin, respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin, or diuretic therapy. Of the 26 studies, 20 excluded infants with high-risk conditions. Therapies showing favourable outcomes included Heliox, prophylactic dexamethasone pre-extubation, protein supplementation, and diuretic use.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinical trials for bronchiolitis management frequently exclude high-risk children. Innovative study design in the future may improve access to clinical trials for the management of bronchiolitis in high-risk infants in a PICU setting.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical trials for bronchiolitis management frequently exclude high-risk children.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>We review the evidence base for the management of an under-investigated patient demographic in the setting of acute bronchiolitis.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine the efficacy of management strategies for bronchiolitis in high-risk infants in a paediatric intensive care setting.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03340-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T18:02:44Z","timestamp":1718906564000},"page":"1560-1567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bronchiolitis: evidence-based management in high-risk infants in the intensive care setting"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"DiCosimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kehoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cormac","family":"Mulhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Elnazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Isweisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergana","family":"Semova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoife","family":"Branagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edna","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3340_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3138-6","volume":"177","author":"M Ghazaly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghazaly, M. & Nadel, S. Characteristics of children admitted to intensive care with acute bronchiolitis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 177, 913\u2013920 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82443-6","volume":"117","author":"KM McConnochie","year":"1990","unstructured":"McConnochie, K. M., Hall, C. B., Walsh, E. E. & Roghmann, K. J. Variation in severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections with subtype. J. Pediatr. 117, 52\u201362 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413456","volume":"374","author":"HC Meissner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meissner, H. C. Viral bronchiolitis in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 62\u201372 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3340_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, C. B. et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 588\u2013598 (2009).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877"},{"key":"3340_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3877","volume":"132","author":"K Hasegawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasegawa, K., Tsugawa, Y., Brown, D. F. M., Mansbach, J. M. & Camargo, C. A. Trends in bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States, 2000\u20132009. Pediatrics 132, 28\u201336 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31822e68e6","volume":"31","author":"LJ Stockman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stockman, L. J., Curns, A. T., Anderson, L. J. & Fischer-Langley, G. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997\u20132006. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 31, 5\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"3340_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1447","volume":"112","author":"C Meissner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meissner, C. & Long, S. Revised indications for the use of palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics 112, 1447\u20131452 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.034","volume":"57","author":"B Resch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Resch, B., Egger, B., Kurath-Koller, S. & Urlesberger, B. Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in infants of 28 weeks gestational age and less in the palivizumab era. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 57, 50\u201353 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3340_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.11.058","volume":"166","author":"DR Stagliano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stagliano, D. R., Nylund, C. M., Eide, M. B. & Eberly, M. D. Children with Down syndrome are high-risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. J. Pediatr. 166, 703\u20139.e2 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000121203.33560.f9","volume":"23","author":"HC Meissner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meissner, H. C., Rennels, M. B., Pickering, L. K. & Hall, C. B. Risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus diseasem identification of high risk infants and recommendations for prophylaxis with pavilisumab. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23, 284\u2013285 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"3340_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.139188","volume":"94","author":"K Thorburn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thorburn, K. Pre-existing disease is associated with a significantly higher risk of death in severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Arch. Dis. Child. 94, 99\u2013103 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"3340_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00255-6","volume":"3","author":"NI Mazur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazur, N. I. et al. Lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: current management and new therapeutics. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 888\u2013900 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"3340_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1474","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2742","volume":"134","author":"SL Ralston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ralston, S. L. et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 134, e1474\u2013e1502 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR14","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Bronchiolitis in children: diagnosis and management. NICE Guideline. www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng9 (2015)."},{"key":"3340_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14104","volume":"55","author":"S O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, S. et al. on behalf of the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Network, Australasia. Australasian bronchiolitis guideline: Australasian bronchiolitis guideline. J. Paediatr. Child Health 55, 42\u201353 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"3340_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, J. N., Rieder, M. J., & Walton, J. M. (2014). Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. 19 7.","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/19.9.485"},{"key":"3340_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13931","volume":"106","author":"V Elenius","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elenius, V. et al. Marked variability observed in inpatient management of bronchiolitis in three Finnish hospitals. Acta Paediatr. 106, 1512\u20131518 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR18","volume":"4","author":"PRISMA-P Group.","year":"2015","unstructured":"PRISMA-P Group. et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst. Rev. 4, 1 (2015).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"3340_CR19","unstructured":"Niles Software. EndNote (20.2 (MacOS)\/20.21 (WIndows)) [Windows, macOS]. Clarivate. https:\/\/endnote.com (2021)."},{"key":"3340_CR20","unstructured":"SaaS enterprise. Covidence [Windows, MacOS]. https:\/\/www.covidence.org (2014)."},{"key":"3340_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898 (2019).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"3340_CR22","unstructured":"Wells, G. et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa. http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp (2013)."},{"key":"3340_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v4.i3.152","volume":"4","author":"JA Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, J. A. & Madikians, A. From bronchiolitis guideline to practice: a critical care perspective. World J. Crit. Care Med. 4, 152 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315199","volume":"105","author":"B Griffiths","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griffiths, B., Riphagen, S. & Lillie, J. Management of severe bronchiolitis: impact of NICE guidelines. Arch. Dis. Child. 105, 483\u2013485 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"3340_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00163-4","volume":"386","author":"S Cunningham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham, S. et al. Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial. Lancet 386, 1041\u20131048 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3340_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.68","volume":"109","author":"F Martin\u00f3n-Torres","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres, F., Rodr\u00edguez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, A. & Martin\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez, J. M. Heliox therapy in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 109, 68\u201373 (2002).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1249","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1744","volume":"122","author":"I Amirav","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amirav, I. et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of montelukast for acute bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 122, e1249\u2013e1255 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2275-9","volume":"173","author":"P Metge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metge, P. et al. Comparison of a high-flow humidified nasal cannula to nasal continuous positive airway pressure in children with acute bronchiolitis: experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. Eur. J. Pediatr. 173, 953\u2013958 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24553","volume":"55","author":"B Habra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habra, B., Janahi, I. A., Dauleh, H., Chandra, P. & Veten, A. A comparison between high\u2010flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in the management of infants and young children with acute bronchiolitis in the PICU. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 55, 455\u2013461 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"3340_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borgi, A. et al. (2021). High flow nasal cannula therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure and nasal positive pressure ventilation in infants with severe bronchiolitis: A randomized controlled trial. Pan African Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.133.30350 (2021).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.133.30350"},{"key":"3340_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709656","volume":"09","author":"RG Cesar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cesar, R. G. et al. High-flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure in critical bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled pilot. J. Pediatr. Intensive Care 09, 248\u2013255 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Intensive Care"},{"key":"3340_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0611-6109","volume":"230","author":"C Dohna-Schwake","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dohna-Schwake, C. et al. Differences of medical care for acute severe viral bronchiolitis in two urban areas in Europe. Klin. P\u00e4diatr. 230, 245\u2013250 (2018).","journal-title":"Klin. P\u00e4diatr."},{"key":"3340_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22533","volume":"48","author":"C Mil\u00e9si","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mil\u00e9si, C. et al. 6 cmH 2 O continuous positive airway pressure versus conventional oxygen therapy in severe viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial: Nasal CPAP and Acute Viral Bronchiolitis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 48, 45\u201351 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"3340_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.091231","volume":"93","author":"LP Thia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thia, L. P. et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) in bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 93, 45\u201347 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"3340_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_274_17","volume":"22","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarkar, M. et al. Comparative study between noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure and hot humidified high-flow nasal cannulae as a mode of respiratory support in infants with acute bronchiolitis in pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Indian J. Crit. Care Med. 22, 85\u201390 (2018).","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR36","unstructured":"Krishnan, M. S., Racsa, M. & Yu, H. H. M. Handbook of supportive and palliative radiation oncology (Academic Press, 2016)."},{"key":"3340_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20304","volume":"40","author":"US Nawab","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nawab, U. S. et al. Heliox attenuates lung inflammation and structural alterations in acute lung injury. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 40, 524\u2013532 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"3340_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.015","volume":"147","author":"J-M Liet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liet, J.-M. et al. Noninvasive therapy with helium\u2013oxygen for severe bronchiolitis. J. Pediatr. 147, 812\u2013817 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.01.002","volume":"37","author":"BW Buczynski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buczynski, B. W., Maduekwe, E. T. & O\u2019Reilly, M. A. The role of hyperoxia in the pathogenesis of experimental BPD. Semin. Perinatol. 37, 69\u201378 (2013).","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"3340_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9807127","volume":"160","author":"D Tassaux","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tassaux, D. et al. Calibration of seven ICU ventilators for mechanical ventilation with helium\u2013oxygen mixtures. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, 22\u201332 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172096","volume":"12","author":"ES Veldhoen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veldhoen, E. S. et al. Post-extubation stridor in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: is there a role for prophylactic dexamethasone? PLoS ONE 12, e0172096 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3340_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.185637","volume":"96","author":"CT de Betue","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Betue, C. T. et al. Increased protein-energy intake promotes anabolism in critically ill infants with viral bronchiolitis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 96, 817\u2013822 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"3340_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.02.022","volume":"89","author":"AE Alvarez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvarez, A. E., Marson, F. AdeL., Bertuzzo, C. S., Arns, C. W. & Ribeiro, J. D. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics associated with the severity of acute viral bronchiolitis by respiratory syncytial virus. J. Pediatr. 89, 531\u2013543 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.08.099","volume":"54","author":"K Williamson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williamson, K., Bredin, G., Avarello, J. & Gangadharan, S. A randomized controlled trial of a single dose furosemide to improve respiratory distress in moderate to severe bronchiolitis. J. Emerg. Med. 54, 40\u201346 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"3340_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2478\/jccm-2021-0008","volume":"7","author":"N Agasthya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agasthya, N., Chromey, K., Hertzog, J. H. & Chauhan, J. C. The use of diuretic in mechanically ventilated children with viral bronchiolitis: a cohort study. J. Crit. Care Med. 7, 97\u2013103 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17093","volume":"113","author":"E \u00d3 Briain","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d3 Briain, E. et al. Diuretics use in the management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 113, 394\u2013402 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3340_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21389","volume":"46","author":"T Principi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Principi, T. et al. Complications of mechanical ventilation in the pediatric population: pediatric complications of mechanical ventilation. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 46, 452\u2013457 (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"3340_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9810013","volume":"160","author":"A-M Guerguerian","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guerguerian, A.-M., Gauthier, M., Lebel, M. H., Farrell, C. A. & Lacroix, J. Ribavirin in ventilated respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, 829\u2013834 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00130478-200301000-00008","volume":"4","author":"BR Jacobs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacobs, B. R., Lyons, K. & Brilli, R. J. Erythropoietin therapy in children with bronchiolitis and anemia*. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 4, 44\u201348 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"3340_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2019.10.009","volume":"27","author":"N Heuz\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heuz\u00e9, N. et al. Caffeine treatment for bronchiolitis-related apnea in the pediatric intensive care unit. Arch. P\u00e9diatr. 27, 18\u201323 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatr."},{"key":"3340_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.937","volume":"100","author":"WJ Rodriguez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rodriguez, W. J. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin treatment of RSV lower respiratory tract infection in previously healthy children. Pediatrics 100, 937\u2013942 (1997).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3340_CR52","unstructured":"RSV Immunization for Children 19 months and Younger. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/vpd\/rsv\/public\/child.html"},{"key":"3340_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1843336","volume":"17","author":"N Viguria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viguria, N. et al. Effectiveness of palivizumab in preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk children. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 17, 1867\u20131872 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03340-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03340-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03340-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T15:38:23Z","timestamp":1737992303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03340-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03340-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}