{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:17:29Z","timestamp":1789183049081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Preterm infants, especially those born small for gestational age (SGA), are at risk of short-term and long-term health complications. Characterization of changes in circulating proteins postnatally in preterm infants may provide valuable fundamental insights into this population. Here, we investigated postnatal developmental patterns in preterm infants and explored protein signatures that deviate between SGA infants and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics workflow.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Longitudinal serum samples obtained at postnatal days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 from 67 preterm infants were analyzed using unbiased MS-based proteomics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>314 out of 833 quantified serum proteins change postnatally, including previously described age-related changes in immunoglobulins, hemoglobin subunits, and new developmental patterns, e.g. apolipoproteins (APOA4) and terminal complement cascade (C9) proteins. Limited differences between SGA and AGA infants were found at birth while longitudinal monitoring revealed 69 deviating proteins, including insulin-sensitizing hormone adiponectin, platelet proteins, and 24 proteins with an annotated function in the immune response.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows the potential of MS-based serum profiling in defining circulating protein trajectories in the preterm infant population and its ability to identify longitudinal alterations in protein levels associated with SGA.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Postnatal changes of circulating proteins in preterm infants have not fully been elucidated but may contribute to development of health complications.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Mass spectrometry-based analysis is an attractive approach to study circulating proteins in preterm infants with limited material.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Longitudinal plasma profiling reveals postnatal developmental-related patterns in preterm infants (314\/833 proteins) including previously described changes, but also previously unreported proteins.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Longitudinal monitoring revealed an immune response signature between SGA and AGA infants.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>This study highlights the importance of taking postnatal changes into account for translational studies in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03481-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:02:26Z","timestamp":1723788146000},"page":"1722-1731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distinct protein patterns related to postnatal development in small for gestational age preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Eva R.","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Romijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Langerhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"van der Zwaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"van der Staaij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Rotteveel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton H.","family":"van Kaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne F.","family":"Fustolo-Gunnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie J.","family":"Hoogendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wes","family":"Onland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn J. J.","family":"Finken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maartje","family":"van den Biggelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","volume":"402","author":"EO Ohuma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohuma, E. O. et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 402, 1261\u20131271 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","volume":"150","author":"SR Walani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walani, S. R. Global burden of preterm birth. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 150, 31\u201333 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"3481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","volume":"6","author":"J Perin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perin, J. et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201319: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet Child Adolesc. Heal. 6, 106\u2013115 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Heal."},{"key":"3481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2357","volume":"292","author":"BJ Stoll","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stoll, B. J. et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA 292, 2357\u20132365 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571202","volume":"33","author":"RM Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel, R. M. Short- and long-term outcomes for extremely preterm infants. Am. J. Perinatol. 33, 318\u2013328 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"3481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.05.007","volume":"45","author":"WD Barfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barfield, W. D. Public health implications of very preterm birth. Clin. Perinatol. 45, 565\u2013577 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"3481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61577-8","volume":"379","author":"MK Mwaniki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mwaniki, M. K., Atieno, M., Lawn, J. E. & Newton, C. R. J. C. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet 379, 445\u2013452 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.025","volume":"206","author":"S Grisaru-Granovsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grisaru-Granovsky, S. et al. Mortality and morbidity in preterm small-for-gestational-age infants: a population-based study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206, 150.e1\u20137 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0900-5","volume":"16","author":"A Muhihi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muhihi, A. et al. Risk factors for small-for-gestational-age and preterm births among 19,269 Tanzanian newborns. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16, 110 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"3481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","volume":"10","author":"D Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma, D., Shastri, S. & Sharma, P. Intrauterine growth restriction: antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr. 10, 67\u201383 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"3481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.060","volume":"163","author":"GCC L\u00f8haugen","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f8haugen, G. C. C. et al. Small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restriction decreases cognitive function in young adults. J. Pediatr. 163, 447\u2013453.e1 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S., Thompson, D. K., Anderson, P. J. & Yang, J. Y.-M. Short- and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm infants with neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children 6, 131 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/children6120131"},{"key":"3481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1773","volume":"117","author":"N Aladangady","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aladangady, N., McHugh, S., Aitchison, T. C., Wardrop, C. A. J. & Holland, B. M. Infants\u2019 blood volume in a controlled trial of placental transfusion at preterm delivery. Pediatrics 117, 93\u201398 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246353","volume":"16","author":"E Persad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persad, E. et al. Interventions to minimize blood loss in very preterm infants-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 16, e0246353 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3481_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.02.015","volume":"2","author":"PE Geyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geyer, P. E. et al. Plasma proteome profiling to assess human health and disease. Cell Syst. 2, 185\u2013195 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"3481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennike, T. B. et al. Preparing for Life: Plasma proteome changes and immune system development during the first week of human life. Front. Immunol. 11, 578505 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.578505"},{"key":"3481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a011643","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011643","volume":"3","author":"VG Sankaran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sankaran, V. G. & Orkin, S. H. The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 3, a011643 (2013).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"3481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16360","volume":"111","author":"N Bednarczuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bednarczuk, N., Williams, E. E., Kaltsogianni, O., Greenough, A. & Dassios, T. Postnatal temporal changes of foetal haemoglobin in prematurely born infants. Acta Paediatr. 111, 1338\u20131340 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00218","volume":"10","author":"JK Grether","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grether, J. K. et al. Prenatal and newborn immunoglobulin levels from mother-child pairs and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Front. Neurosci. 10, 218 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"3481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198609000-00019","volume":"20","author":"M Ballow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ballow, M., Cates, K. L., Rowe, J. C., Goetz, C. & Desbonnet, C. Development of the immune system in very low birth weight (less than 1500 g) premature infants: concentrations of plasma immunoglobulins and patterns of infections. Pediatr. Res. 20, 899\u2013904 (1986).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"3481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1968.tb07307.x","volume":"57","author":"T Berg","year":"1968","unstructured":"Berg, T. Immunoglobulin levels in infants with low birth weights. Acta Paediatr. 57, 369\u2013376 (1968).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suski, M. et al. Prospective plasma proteome changes in preterm infants with different gestational ages. Pediatr. Res. 84, 104\u2013111 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0003-2"},{"key":"3481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suski, M. et al. Plasma proteome changes in cord blood samples from preterm infants. J. Perinatol. 38, 1182\u20131189 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0150-7"},{"key":"3481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zasada, M. et al. Comparative two time-point proteome analysis of the plasma from preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ital. J. Pediatr. 45, 112 (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0676-0"},{"key":"3481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.01.051","volume":"221","author":"C McCafferty","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCafferty, C. et al. Plasma proteomic analysis reveals age-specific changes in platelet- and endothelial cell\u2013derived proteins and regulators of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis. J. Pediatr. 221, S29\u2013S36 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00338-1","volume":"3","author":"W Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, W. et al. The development of blood protein profiles in extremely preterm infants follows a stereotypic evolution pattern. Commun. Med. 3, 107 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"3481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02690-3","volume":"94","author":"M Romijn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romijn, M. et al. Glucocorticoid signature of preterm infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr. Res. 94, 1804\u20131809 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"3481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.023","volume":"220","author":"L Hoftiezer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoftiezer, L. et al. From population reference to national standard: new and improved birthweight charts. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 220, 383.e1\u2013383.e17 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.TIR118.000853","volume":"17","author":"N Bache","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bache, N. et al. A Novel LC system embeds analytes in pre-formed gradients for rapid, ultra-robust proteomics. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 17, 2284\u20132296 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"3481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0638-x","volume":"17","author":"V Demichev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demichev, V., Messner, C. B., Vernardis, S. I., Lilley, K. S. & Ralser, M. DIA-NN: neural networks and interference correction enable deep proteome coverage in high throughput. Nat. Methods 17, 41\u201344 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"3481_CR31","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2022)."},{"key":"3481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse Tidyverse package. JOSS, 4, 1686 (2019).","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"3481_CR33","unstructured":"Larsson, J. eulerr: Area-Proportional Euler and Venn Diagrams with Ellipses. R Package https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=eulerr (2022)."},{"key":"3481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty890","volume":"35","author":"A Jain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jain, A. & Tuteja, G. TissueEnrich: Tissue-specific gene enrichment analysis. Bioinformatics 35, 1966\u20131967 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3481_CR35","unstructured":"Harrell, F. E. J. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R Package https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=Hmisc (2023)."},{"key":"3481_CR36","unstructured":"Jurasinski, G., Koebsch, F., Guenther, A. & Beetz, S. flux: Flux rate calculation from dynamic closed chamber measurements. R Package https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=flux (2022)."},{"key":"3481_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat. Commun. 10, 1523 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon, P. et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13, 2498\u20132504 (2003).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"3481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinjyo, N., Kagaya, W. & Pekna, M. Interaction between the complement system and infectious agents \u2013 a potential mechanistic link to neurodegeneration and dementia. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 15, 710390 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.710390"},{"key":"3481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03098","volume":"15","author":"E Pierik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierik, E. et al. Dysregulation of complement activation and placental dysfunction: a potential target to treat Preeclampsia? Front. Immunol. 15, 3098 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102188","volume":"10","author":"N Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, N. & Powell, C. A. Targeting the complement cascade in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease. J. Clin. Med. 10, 2188 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"3481_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01681","volume":"11","author":"G Girardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Girardi, G., Lingo, J. J., Fleming, S. D. & Regal, J. F. Essential role of complement in pregnancy: from implantation to parturition and beyond. Front. Immunol. 11, 1681 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3481_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","volume":"43","author":"ME Ritchie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritchie, M. E. et al. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, e47\u2013e47 (2015).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"3481_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.066720","volume":"16","author":"S Bjelosevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bjelosevic, S. et al. Quantitative age-specific variability of plasma proteins in healthy neonates, children and adults. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 16, 924\u2013935 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"3481_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(90)90082-T","volume":"22","author":"RF Reading","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reading, R. F., Ellisb, R., Fleetwoodb, A., Ellis, R. & Fleetwood, A. Plasma albumin and total protein in preterm babies from birth to eight weeks. Early Hum. Dev. 22, 81\u201387 (1990).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"3481_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.61.7.657","volume":"61","author":"PH Cartlidge","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cartlidge, P. H. & Rutter, N. Serum albumin concentrations and oedema in the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 61, 657\u2013660 (1986).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"3481_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geyer, P. E., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D. & Mann, M. Revisiting biomarker discovery by plasma proteomics. Mol. Syst. Biol. 13, 942 (2017).","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20156297"},{"key":"3481_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563215593561","volume":"53","author":"G Weaving","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weaving, G., Batstone, G. F. & Jones, R. G. Age and sex variation in serum albumin concentration: an observational study. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 53, 106\u2013111 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"3481_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020309","volume":"12","author":"S Perrone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perrone, S. et al. Brain damage in preterm and full-term neonates: serum biomarkers for the early diagnosis and intervention. Antioxidants 12, 309 (2023).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"3481_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leifsdottir, K. et al. The cerebrospinal fluid proteome of preterm infants predicts neurodevelopmental outcome. Front. Pediatr. 10, 921444 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.921444"},{"key":"3481_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0094-z","volume":"50","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, X. & Thein, S. L. Switching from fetal to adult hemoglobin. Nat. Genet. 50, 478\u2013480 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"3481_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10588","volume":"7","author":"NV Dudkina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dudkina, N. V. et al. Structure of the poly-C9 component of the complement membrane attack complex. Nat. Commun. 7, 10588 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3481_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.12.016","volume":"68","author":"BB Mook-Kanamori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mook-Kanamori, B. B., Brouwer, M. C., Geldhoff, M., Ende, Avander & van de Beek, D. Cerebrospinal fluid complement activation in patients with pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis. J. Infect. 68, 542\u2013547 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"3481_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77503","volume":"11","author":"DJ Doorduijn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doorduijn, D. J. et al. Soluble MAC is primarily released from MAC-resistant bacteria that potently convert complement component C5. Elife 11, e77503 (2022).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3481_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3496-0","volume":"32","author":"D Westra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westra, D. et al. Serological and genetic complement alterations in infection-induced and complement-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 32, 297\u2013309 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"3481_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04344-6","volume":"27","author":"AH de Nooijer","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Nooijer, A. H. et al. Complement activation in severely ill patients with sepsis: no relationship with inflammation and disease severity. Crit. Care 27, 63 (2023).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"3481_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.1.53","volume":"166","author":"HA Lassiter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lassiter, H. A., Watson, S. W., Seifring, M. L. & Tanner, J. E. Complement factor 9 deficiency in serum of human neonates. J. Infect. Dis. 166, 53\u201357 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3481_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199404000-00002","volume":"35","author":"HA Lassiter","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lassiter, H. A., Wilson, J. L., Feldhoff, R. C., Hoffpauir, J. M. & Klueber, K. M. Supplemental complement component C9 enhances the capacity of neonatal serum to kill multiple isolates of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Pediatr. Res. 35, 389\u2013396 (1994).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"3481_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-016-0013-6","volume":"36","author":"T Horiuchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horiuchi, T. & Tsukamoto, H. Complement-targeted therapy: development of C5- and C5a-targeted inhibition. Inflamm. Regen. 36, 11 (2016).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"3481_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031005","volume":"89","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pittas, A. G., Joseph, N. A. & Greenberg, A. S. Adipocytokines and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 447\u2013452 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"3481_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000142711.24999.8A","volume":"56","author":"T Kamoda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamoda, T., Saitoh, H., Saito, M., Sugiura, M. & Matsui, A. Serum Adiponectin concentrations in newborn infants in early postnatal life. Pediatr. Res. 56, 690\u2013693 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"3481_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.01.101","volume":"54","author":"A Ratnasingham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ratnasingham, A., Eiby, Y. A., Dekker Nitert, M., Donovan, T. & Lingwood, B. E. Is rapid fat accumulation in early life associated with adverse later health outcomes? Placenta 54, 125\u2013130 (2017).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"3481_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4182","volume":"136","author":"RD Christensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen, R. D. et al. Thrombocytopenia in small-for-gestational-age infants. Pediatrics 136, e361\u2013e370 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3481_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1813-y","volume":"72","author":"A Malara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malara, A. et al. The secret life of a megakaryocyte: emerging roles in bone marrow homeostasis control. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 1517\u20131536 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"3481_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-04-0310","volume":"21","author":"T Fiaschi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fiaschi, T. et al. Globular Adiponectin as a complete mesoangioblast regulator: role in proliferation, survival, motility, and skeletal muscle differentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell 21, 848\u2013859 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"3481_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10427","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201910427","volume":"11","author":"PE Geyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geyer, P. E. et al. Plasma Proteome Profiling to detect and avoid sample-related biases in biomarker studies. EMBO Mol. Med. 11, e10427 (2019).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"3481_CR67","unstructured":"Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 854, 1\u2013452 (1995)."},{"key":"3481_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.040","volume":"35","author":"EP Schlaudecker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlaudecker, E. P. et al. Small for gestational age: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunisation safety data. Vaccine 35, 6518\u20136528 (2017).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3481_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00083","volume":"39","author":"MJJ Finken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finken, M. J. J. et al. Children born small for gestational age: differential diagnosis, molecular genetic evaluation, and implications. Endocr. Rev. 39, 851\u2013894 (2018).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"3481_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.06.021","volume":"193","author":"C Vayssi\u00e8re","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vayssi\u00e8re, C. et al. Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 193, 10\u201318 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"3481_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.02.003","volume":"49","author":"B Carducci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carducci, B. & Bhutta, Z. A. Care of the growth-restricted newborn. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 49, 103\u2013116 (2018).","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"3481_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.02.002","volume":"49","author":"SJ Gordijn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gordijn, S. J., Beune, I. M. & Ganzevoort, W. Building consensus and standards in fetal growth restriction studies. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 49, 117\u2013126 (2018).","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03481-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03481-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03481-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1748430140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03481-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03481-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for participation and publication of the study results was obtained from all parents.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent statement"}}]}}