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We hypothesized that early life growth could explain variations in pubertal growth and timing, and adult height.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective, population-based study was conducted in Sweden. A subgroup, including individuals of all gestational ages and birth sizes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094700, 50% males), from the longitudinal GrowUp\n                      <jats:sub>1974&amp;1990<\/jats:sub>\n                      Gothenburg cohorts was used.\n                      <jats:italic>QEPS<\/jats:italic>\n                      variables were analyzed in univariate and multivariate linear regression models, separately per sex;\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      -function throughout all growth periods, and specific\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      - and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -functions, for early life growth and pubertal growth, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multivariate models, early life growth explained 37\u201338% of the variability in specific pubertal growth, but less so the variability in pubertal timing. Variability in adult height was explained by birth size (57\u201362%), early growth (66\u201367%), childhood growth (65\u201369%), and to a lesser degree by mid-parental height (35\u201339%). The change in height during puberty explained 8\u20139% of the variation in adult height.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that early life growth is strongly associated with the variability in pubertal growth, and adult height, but not with the timing of pubertal growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Early life growth is important as it can serve as a marker for future growth, development, and health.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The association between length growth during fetal life and infancy and pubertal growth and timing, and adult height, is only partly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            Using the\n                            <jats:italic>QEPS<\/jats:italic>\n                            growth model, specific early life growth (\n                            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                            -function) and specific pubertal growth (\n                            <jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>\n                            function), including individual variations in tempo and amplitude, can be studied separately from ongoing basic growth (\n                            <jats:italic>Q-<\/jats:italic>\n                            function).\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study showed that early life growth is strongly associated with and explains specific pubertal height gain and adult height but less so the timing of pubertal growth.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03939-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T09:57:58Z","timestamp":1740477478000},"page":"1339-1357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early life growth is related to pubertal growth and adult height \u2013 a QEPS-model analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Carin","family":"Skogastierna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Holmgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimon","family":"Niklasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas F. 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