{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1792601819782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the association and individual changes in cognitive scores between late infancy and early school age in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia (NE) who did not develop cerebral palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 50 children born \u226535 weeks gestation cooled for NE who did not develop cerebral palsy. We assessed cognition using an average of cognitive and language composite scores (CLC) from Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) at 18\u201321 months and full-scale IQ (FSIQ) on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at 6\u20138 years. Linear regression was used to assess the association between CLC and FSIQ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our cohort\u2019s mean gestation was 39.8 (SD 1.6) weeks; 59% male. 80% had moderate NE. CLC scores were significantly associated with FSIQ (Coef 0.45 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.72),\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      19%). About 45% of children\u2019s cognitive scores lowered from 18 to 21 months to 6\u20138 years of age, with two FSIQ clusters differing by deprivation (7.3 vs 5.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Increasing CLC threshold to 95 still did not identify 63% having an FSIQ\u2009&lt;\u200985.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bayley-III underestimates the delay at school age in children cooled for NE. Childhood IQ after NE appeared to be patterned by local deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Bayley-III underestimates school-age delays in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia (NE).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Around 45% of children\u2019s cognitive scores moved to a lower developmental range at school age.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Increasing the Bayley-III threshold to 95 failed to identify nearly two-thirds of children with IQ\u2009&lt;\u200985.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Childhood IQ after NE appeared to be patterned by local deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Longitudinal monitoring of children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia is needed to support their cognitive development.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04152-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T04:07:53Z","timestamp":1748578073000},"page":"315-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognitive development at late infancy and school age in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Rapuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Jary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross E.","family":"Vanderwert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Odd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ela","family":"Chakkarapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs S. E. et al. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013, CD003311 (2013).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003311.pub3"},{"key":"4152_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13146","volume":"104","author":"S Jary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jary, S., Smit, E., Liu, X., Cowan, F. M. & Thoresen, M. Less severe cerebral palsy outcomes in infants treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Paediatr. 104, 1241\u20131247 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4152_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c363","volume":"340","author":"AD Edwards","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edwards, A. D. et al. Neurological outcomes at 18 months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data. BMJ 340, 409 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4152_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316509","volume":"105","author":"R Lee-Kelland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee-Kelland, R. et al. School-age outcomes of children without cerebral palsy cooled for neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischaemic encephalopathy in 2008\u20132010. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 105, 8\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"4152_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F346","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309639","volume":"102","author":"K Martinello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinello, K., Hart, A. R., Yap, S., Mitra, S. & Robertson, N. J. Management and investigation of neonatal encephalopathy: 2017 update. Arch. Dis. Child.102, F346\u2013F358 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"4152_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. 3rd ed. (Harcourt Assessment Inc., 2006).","DOI":"10.1037\/t14978-000"},{"key":"4152_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282906288389","volume":"24","author":"AS Kaufman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaufman, A. S., Flanagan, D. P., Alfonso, V. C. & Mascolo, J. T. Test Review: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 24, 278\u2013295 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"4152_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe J. et al. Do Bayley-III Composite Scores at 18-22 months corrected age predict full-scale IQ at 6\u20137 years in children born extremely preterm? J Pediatr. 263, 113700 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113700"},{"key":"4152_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14872","volume":"64","author":"M Nishijima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nishijima, M. et al. Correlation between the Bayley-III at 3\u2009years and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, at 6\u2009years. Pediatr. Int. 64, e14872 (2022).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"4152_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282918781431","volume":"37","author":"J M\u00e5nsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00e5nsson, J., Stjernqvist, K., Serenius, F., \u00c5d\u00e9n, U. & K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, K. Agreement between Bayley-III Measurements and WISC-IV measurements in typically developing children. J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 37, 603\u2013616 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"4152_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16037","volume":"110","author":"J M\u00e5nsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e5nsson, J. et al. The ability of Bayley-III scores to predict later intelligence in children born extremely preterm. Acta Paediatr. 110, 3030\u20133039 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4152_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e624","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1566","volume":"135","author":"A Pappas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pappas, A. et al. Cognitive outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics 135, e624\u2013e634 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4152_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer A. P. C., Goodfellow M., Chakkarapani E., Brooks J. C. W. Resting-state functional connectivity in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy. Brain Commun. 6, fcae154 (2024).","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae154"},{"key":"4152_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-17","volume":"8","author":"D Azzopardi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Azzopardi, D. et al. The TOBY Study. Whole body hypothermia for the treatment of perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 8, 17 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"4152_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51696","volume":"10","author":"H Byrne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byrne, H. et al. Development of the corpus callosum and cognition after neonatal encephalopathy. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 10, 32 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"4152_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12208","volume":"55","author":"S Jary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jary, S., Whitelaw, A., Wall\u00f8e, L. & Thoresen, M. Comparison of Bayley-2 and Bayley-3 scores at 18 months in term infants following neonatal encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 55, 1053\u20131059 (2013).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"4152_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70295-9","volume":"9","author":"M Rutherford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rutherford, M. et al. Assessment of brain tissue injury after moderate hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: a nested substudy of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 9, 39\u201345 (2010).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"4152_CR18","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government UK. English indices of deprivation 2019 [Internet]. National Statistics. [cited 4 Jun 2024]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019 (2019)."},{"key":"4152_CR19","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2024)."},{"key":"4152_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.03.008","volume":"89","author":"ES Luttikhuizen dos Santos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luttikhuizen dos Santos, E. S., de Kieviet, J. F., K\u00f6nigs, M., van Elburg, R. M., Oosterlaan, J. & Jul 1 Predictive value of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development on development of very preterm\/very low birth weight children: a meta-analysis. Early Hum. Dev. 89, 487\u2013496 (2013).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"4152_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0143","volume":"178","author":"JL Luby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luby, J. L. et al. Basic environmental supports for positive brain and cognitive development in the first year of life. JAMA Pediatr. 178, 465\u2013472 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"4152_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick B. J. J. et al. Early life experiences and trajectories of cognitive development. Pediatrics 146 (2020).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3660"},{"key":"4152_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000000","volume":"34","author":"GP Aylward","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aylward, G. P. Continuing issues with the Bayley-III: where to go from here. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 34, 697\u2013701 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"4152_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414536905","volume":"23","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deary, I. J. The stability of intelligence from childhood to old age. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 23, 239\u2013245 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"4152_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2018.03.011","volume":"69","author":"H Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, H., McCoach, D. B., Gottfried, A. W. & Gottfried, A. E. Stability of intelligence from infancy through adolescence: an autoregressive latent variable model. Intelligence 69, 8\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"4152_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.10","volume":"75","author":"S Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, S., Moore, T. & Marlow, N. Using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopmental delay: which cut-off should be used? Pediatr. Res. 75, 670\u2013674 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4152_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayley N., Aylward G. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. 4th ed. (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57111-9_1522"},{"key":"4152_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Codina M., Grantham-McGregor S. Predictive validity in middle childhood of short tests of early childhood development used in large scale studies compared to the Bayley-III, the Family Care Indicators, height-for-age, and stunting: a longitudinal study in Bogota, Colombia. PLoS One 15 (2020).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231317"},{"key":"4152_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119660","volume":"387","author":"YW Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Y. W. et al. Trial of erythropoietin for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 148\u2013159 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04152-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04152-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04152-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:02:26Z","timestamp":1771542146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04152-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04152-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consent and assent were obtained from parents and children included in the CoolMRI study. This study was approved by the South West - Frenchay NRES Committee and Health Research Authority, UK (15\/SW\/0148).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}