{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1793870804315,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing prevalence of pediatric hypertension is concerning to our population because cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death in adults. Studies have shown that sleep disturbances in children, such as sleep fragmentation, increase blood pressure and lead to adult hypertension. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. Most studies regarding sleep disturbances and hypertension are within adults, leaving the adolescent population understudied. In this review, we will describe the physiology of sleep, compare blood pressure variations between adults and adolescents, and discuss social issues regarding sleep fragmentation in children. In addition, we will also discuss the limitations of the studies available and what future research needs to be conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Pediatric hypertension is a complex condition that has various underlying causes, thus making treatments complicated.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We describe the physiology of sleep, compare blood pressure variations between adults and adolescents, and discuss social issues regarding sleep fragmentation in children.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We synthesize and connect studies to enhance knowledge of the issues that lead to the development of hypertension in pediatrics.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We show the limitations of previous studies and describe future research that can further our understanding in the development of pediatric hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04199-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T09:58:28Z","timestamp":1750845508000},"page":"470-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inadequate sleep is a risk factor for pediatric hypertension: the pathophysiologic and socioeconomic correlates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa","family":"Exarchakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0673-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sekou","family":"Bayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0982-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272094051","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720940519","volume":"11","author":"C Pena-Hernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pena-Hernandez, C., Nugent, K. & Tuncel, M. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J. Prim. Care Community Health 11, 2150132720940519, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720940519 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"4199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i7.373","volume":"7","author":"D Bloomfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bloomfield, D. & Park, A. Night time blood pressure dip. World J. Cardiol. 7, 373\u2013376, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4330\/wjc.v7.i7.373 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"4199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flynn, J. T. et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 140 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-1904 (2017).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1904"},{"key":"4199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00561","volume":"8","author":"JM Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans, J. M. et al. Body size predicts cardiac and vascular resistance effects on men\u2019s and women\u2019s blood pressure. Front Physiol. 8, 561, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2017.00561 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"4199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.S2.555","volume":"114","author":"Children, N. H. B. P. E. P. W. G. o. H. B. P. i. & Adolescents","year":"2004","unstructured":"Children, N. H. B. P. E. P. W. G. o. H. B. P. i. & Adolescents The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114, 555\u2013576, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.S2.555 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10975","volume":"72","author":"T Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, T. et al. Trajectories of childhood blood pressure and adult left ventricular hypertrophy: The Bogalusa heart study. Hypertension 72, 93\u2013101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10975 (2018).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993513","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.993513","volume":"9","author":"MD Sinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha, M. D. et al. Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in children and young people with primary hypertension: Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Front Cardiovasc Med 9, 993513, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.993513 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"4199_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S100891","volume":"10","author":"CM Gallibois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallibois, C. M., Jawa, N. A. & Noone, D. G. Hypertension in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: management challenges. Int J. Nephrol. Renovasc Dis. 10, 205\u2013213, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJNRD.S100891 (2017).","journal-title":"Int J. Nephrol. Renovasc Dis."},{"key":"4199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0410-1","volume":"22","author":"BA Warady","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warady, B. A. & Chadha, V. Chronic kidney disease in children: The global perspective. Pediatr. Nephrol. 22, 1999\u20132009, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-006-0410-1 (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"4199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009060609","volume":"21","author":"M Mitsnefes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitsnefes, M. et al. Masked hypertension associates with left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 137\u2013144, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2009060609 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"4199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(98)00234-9","volume":"12","author":"DK Wilson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilson, D. K., Sica, D. A. & Miller, S. B. Ambulatory blood pressure nondipping status in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant black adolescents. Am. J. Hypertens. 12, 159\u2013165, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-7061(98)00234-9 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"4199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.715872","volume":"30","author":"F Fabbian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fabbian, F. et al. Dipper and non-dipper blood pressure 24-hour patterns: circadian rhythm-dependent physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Chronobiol. Int. 30, 17\u201330, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07420528.2012.715872 (2013).","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"4199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman, A., Hasan, A. U., Nishiyama, A. & Kobori, H. Altered circadian timing system-mediated non-dipping pattern of blood pressure and associated cardiovascular disorders in metabolic and kidney diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19020400 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020400"},{"key":"4199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0000000000002522","volume":"38","author":"Y Bo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bo, Y. et al. Short-term reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure measurements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 observational studies. J. Hypertens. 38, 2095\u20132109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hjh.0000000000002522 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"4199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000216538","volume":"31","author":"MH Hagenauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagenauer, M. H., Perryman, J. I., Lee, T. M. & Carskadon, M. A. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev. Neurosci. 31, 276\u2013284, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000216538 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"4199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2013.06.001","volume":"7","author":"AL Hinderliter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hinderliter, A. L. et al. Reproducibility of blood pressure dipping: Relation to day-to-day variability in sleep quality. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 7, 432\u2013439, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jash.2013.06.001 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"4199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(01)02324-x","volume":"15","author":"GS Stergiou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stergiou, G. S. et al. Reproducibility of home, ambulatory, and clinic blood pressure: implications for the design of trials for the assessment of antihypertensive drug efficacy. Am. J. Hypertens. 15, 101\u2013104, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-7061(01)02324-x (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"4199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000001098","volume":"84","author":"HM Lehrer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehrer, H. M. et al. Blood pressure cuff inflation briefly increases female adolescents\u2019 restlessness during sleep on the first but not second night of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Psychosom. Med 84, 828\u2013835, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/psy.0000000000001098 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med"},{"key":"4199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.12.001","volume":"22","author":"E Judd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Judd, E. & Calhoun, D. A. Management of hypertension in CKD: Beyond the guidelines. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 22, 116\u2013122, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.12.001 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"4199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07011009","volume":"5","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agarwal, R. & Light, R. P. The effect of measuring ambulatory blood pressure on nighttime sleep and daytime activity-implications for dipping. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 281\u2013285, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07011009 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"4199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/08037050701343225","volume":"16","author":"MB Yilmaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yilmaz, M. B. et al. Sleep quality among relatively younger patients with initial diagnosis of hypertension: dippers versus non-dippers. Blood Press 16, 101\u2013105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08037050701343225 (2007).","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"4199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szyszka, M. et al. Circadian blood pressure profile in pediatric patients with primary hypertension. J. Clin. Med. 11 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11185325","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185325"},{"key":"4199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314485","volume":"105","author":"N Hausler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hausler, N. et al. Cardiovascular health and sleep disturbances in two population-based cohort studies. Heart 105, 1500\u20131506, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314485 (2019).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"4199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.119.14168","volume":"75","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, L., Magnussen, C. G., Yang, L., Bovet, P. & Xi, B. Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood: A systematic review. Hypertension 75, 948\u2013955, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hypertensionaha.119.14168 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.053","volume":"157","author":"MB Lande","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lande, M. B. et al. Parental assessment of executive function and internalizing and externalizing behavior in primary hypertension after anti-hypertensive therapy. J. Pediatr. 157, 114\u2013119, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.053 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.013","volume":"195","author":"MB Lande","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lande, M. B. et al. Neurocognitive function in children with primary hypertension after initiation of antihypertensive therapy. J. Pediatr. 195, 85\u201394 e81, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.013 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973793","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973793","volume":"9","author":"I Lucas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucas, I. et al. Knowledge gaps and future directions in cognitive functions in children and adolescents with primary arterial hypertension: A systematic review. Front Cardiovasc Med 9, 973793, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973793 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"4199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.06.001","volume":"16","author":"BC Galland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galland, B. C., Taylor, B. J., Elder, D. E. & Herbison, P. Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: A systematic review of observational studies. Sleep. Med Rev. 16, 213\u2013222, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.06.001 (2012).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med Rev."},{"key":"4199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200012000-00019","volume":"39","author":"MM Ohayon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ohayon, M. M., Roberts, R. E., Zulley, J., Smirne, S. & Priest, R. G. Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 39, 1549\u20131556, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200012000-00019 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.302","volume":"111","author":"I Iglowstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L. & Largo, R. H. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics 111, 302\u2013307, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.111.2.302 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.00989.x","volume":"15","author":"C Cajochen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cajochen, C., Kr\u00e4uchi, K. & Wirz-Justice, A. Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep. J. Neuroendocrinol. 15, 432\u2013437, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.00989.x (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"4199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-2-388","volume":"61","author":"A Attanasio","year":"1985","unstructured":"Attanasio, A., Borrelli, P. & Gupta, D. Circadian rhythms in serum melatonin from infancy to adolescence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61, 388\u2013390, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-61-2-388 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000185442","volume":"47","author":"JC Commentz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Commentz, J. C., Uhlig, H., Henke, A., Hellwege, H. H. & Willig, R. P. Melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion is inversely correlated with gonadal development in children. Horm. Res. 47, 97\u2013101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000185442 (1997).","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"4199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-5-1025","volume":"54","author":"H Iguchi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Iguchi, H., Kato, K. I. & Ibayashi, H. Melatonin serum levels and metabolic clearance rate in patients with liver cirrhosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54, 1025\u20131027, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-54-5-1025 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(97)01008-4","volume":"61","author":"JC Pruessner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pruessner, J. C. et al. Free cortisol levels after awakening: A reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci. 61, 2539\u20132549, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0024-3205(97)01008-4 (1997).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"4199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20026","volume":"45","author":"SE Watamura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Watamura, S. E., Donzella, B., Kertes, D. A. & Gunnar, M. R. Developmental changes in baseline cortisol activity in early childhood: Relations with napping and effortful control. Dev. Psychobiol. 45, 125\u2013133, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20026 (2004).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"4199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/09291017809359638","volume":"9","author":"K Abe","year":"1978","unstructured":"Abe, K., Sasaki, H., Takebayashi, K., Fukui, S. & Nambu, H. The development of circadian rhythm of human body temperature. J. Interdiscip. Cycle Res. 9, 211\u2013216, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09291017809359638 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Interdiscip. Cycle Res."},{"key":"4199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199504000-00020","volume":"37","author":"W Kiess","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kiess, W. et al. Salivary cortisol levels throughout childhood and adolescence: relation with age, pubertal stage, and weight. Pediatr. Res 37, 502\u2013506, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-199504000-00020 (1995).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"4199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.4.482","volume":"94","author":"SF Glotzbach","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glotzbach, S. F., Edgar, D. M., Boeddiker, M. & Ariagno, R. L. Biological rhythmicity in normal infants during the first 3 months of life. Pediatrics 94, 482\u2013488 (1994).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.4.521","volume":"66","author":"M Lodemore","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lodemore, M., Petersen, S. A. & Wailoo, M. P. Development of night time temperature rhythms over the first six months of life. Arch. Dis. Child 66, 521\u2013524, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.66.4.521 (1991).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"4199_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.4.596","volume":"64","author":"MP Wailoo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wailoo, M. P., Petersen, S. A., Whittaker, H. & Goodenough, P. Sleeping body temperatures in 3-4 month old infants. Arch. Dis. Child 64, 596\u2013599, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.64.4.596 (1989).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"4199_CR42","first-page":"835","volume":"25","author":"MM Andrade","year":"1992","unstructured":"Andrade, M. M., Benedito-Silva, A. A. & Menna-Barreto, L. Correlations between morningness-eveningness character, sleep habits and temperature rhythm in adolescents. Braz. J. Med Biol. Res 25, 835\u2013839 (1992).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med Biol. Res"},{"key":"4199_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.x","volume":"9","author":"EK Baehr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baehr, E. K., Revelle, W. & Eastman, C. I. Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: With an emphasis on morningness-eveningness. J. Sleep. Res 9, 117\u2013127, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.x (2000).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res"},{"key":"4199_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)00038-1","volume":"320","author":"J Carrier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carrier, J., Paquet, J., Morettini, J. & Touchette, E. Phase advance of sleep and temperature circadian rhythms in the middle years of life in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 320, 1\u20134, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)00038-1 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"4199_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4178","volume":"37","author":"A Carreras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carreras, A. et al. Chronic sleep fragmentation induces endothelial dysfunction and structural vascular changes in mice. Sleep 37, 1817\u20131824, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.4178 (2014).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4199_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00039.2020","volume":"52","author":"KA Maki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maki, K. A. et al. Sleep fragmentation increases blood pressure and is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome in rats. Physiol. Genomics 52, 280\u2013292, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00039.2020 (2020).","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"4199_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","volume":"106","author":"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)","year":"2002","unstructured":"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation 106, 3143\u20133421 (2002).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4199_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-375OC","volume":"176","author":"S Redline","year":"2007","unstructured":"Redline, S. et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176, 401\u2013408, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200703-375OC (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"4199_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.02.004","volume":"60","author":"MH Hagenauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hagenauer, M. H., Ku, J. H. & Lee, T. M. Chronotype changes during puberty depend on gonadal hormones in the slow-developing rodent, Octodon degus. Horm. Behav. 60, 37\u201345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.02.004 (2011).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"4199_CR50","unstructured":"Carskadon, M. A. in Sleep in children 125-144 (CRC Press, 2008)."},{"key":"4199_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.032","volume":"1021","author":"MA Carskadon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carskadon, M. A., Acebo, C. & Jenni, O. G. Regulation of adolescent sleep: Implications for behavior. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 1021, 276\u2013291, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1308.032 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"4199_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.12.1632","volume":"29","author":"SJ Crowley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crowley, S. J., Acebo, C., Fallone, G. & Carskadon, M. A. Estimating dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase in adolescents using summer or school-year sleep\/wake schedules. Sleep 29, 1632\u20131641, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/29.12.1632 (2006).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4199_CR53","unstructured":"Emmanuel, M. & Bokor, B. R. in StatPearls (2023)."},{"key":"4199_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00467.x","volume":"14","author":"DJ Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor, D. J., Jenni, O. G., Acebo, C. & Carskadon, M. A. Sleep tendency during extended wakefulness: Insights into adolescent sleep regulation and behavior. J. Sleep. Res 14, 239\u2013244, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00467.x (2005).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res"},{"key":"4199_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1446","volume":"28","author":"OG Jenni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jenni, O. G., Achermann, P. & Carskadon, M. A. Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents. Sleep 28, 1446\u20131454, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1446 (2005).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4199_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730403018003001","volume":"18","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roenneberg, T., Daan, S. & Merrow, M. The art of entrainment. J. Biol. Rhythms 18, 183\u2013194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748730403018003001 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"4199_CR57","unstructured":"Carskadon, M., Acebo, C. & Arnedt, J. in Sleep. A191-A191 (AMER ACAD SLEEP MEDICINE 6301 BANDEL RD, STE 101, ROCHESTER, MN 55901 USA)."},{"key":"4199_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.04.009","volume":"11","author":"YS Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang, Y. S., Wang, C. H. & Guilleminault, C. An epidemiologic study of sleep problems among adolescents in North Taiwan. Sleep. Med. 11, 1035\u20131042, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.04.009 (2010).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"4199_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.013","volume":"66","author":"G Gariepy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gariepy, G. et al. How are adolescents sleeping? adolescent sleep patterns and sociodemographic differences in 24 European and North American Countries. J. Adolesc. Health 66, S81\u2013S88, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.013 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"4199_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz, M. et al. National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep. Health 1, 40\u201343, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010 (2015).","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"4199_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0815G","volume":"115","author":"CK Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang, C. K., Kim, J. K., Patel, S. R. & Lee, J. H. Age-related changes in sleep\/wake patterns among Korean teenagers. Pediatrics 115, 250\u2013256, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-0815G (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039","volume":"14","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roenneberg, T. et al. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr. Biol. 14, R1038\u2013R1039, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039 (2004).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"4199_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1696","volume":"134","author":"J Owens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Owens, J. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics 134, e921\u2013e932, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-1696 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-475","volume":"10","author":"NP Patel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patel, N. P., Grandner, M. A., Xie, D., Branas, C. C. & Gooneratne, N. \u201cSleep disparity\u201d in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health 10, 475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-475 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4199_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.10.988","volume":"158","author":"JC Spilsbury","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spilsbury, J. C. et al. Sleep behavior in an urban US sample of school-aged children. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 158, 988\u2013994, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.158.10.988 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"4199_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2012.636298","volume":"10","author":"CA Marco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marco, C. A., Wolfson, A. R., Sparling, M. & Azuaje, A. Family socioeconomic status and sleep patterns of young adolescents. Behav. Sleep. Med. 10, 70\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15402002.2012.636298 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"4199_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0139-y","volume":"5","author":"DA Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, D. A., Billings, M. E. & Hale, L. Environmental determinants of insufficient sleep and sleep disorders: Implications for population health. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 5, 61\u201369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-018-0139-y (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"4199_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131916632361","volume":"7","author":"MN Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones, M. N., Brown, C. M., Widener, M. J., Sucharew, H. J. & Beck, A. F. Area-level socioeconomic factors are associated with noncompletion of pediatric preventive services. J. Prim. Care Community Health 7, 143\u2013148, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150131916632361 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"4199_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.562","volume":"158","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., First, M. B. & Brook, J. S. Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med 158, 562\u2013568, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.562 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med"},{"key":"4199_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3641","volume":"123","author":"CJ Calamaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calamaro, C. J., Mason, T. B. & Ratcliffe, S. J. Adolescents living the 24\/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics 123, e1005\u2013e1010, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-3641 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.006","volume":"11","author":"N Cain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cain, N. & Gradisar, M. Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep. Med 11, 735\u2013742, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.006 (2010).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med"},{"key":"4199_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00616.2002","volume":"94","author":"S Higuchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., Ahara, M. & Kaneko, Y. Effects of VDT tasks with a bright display at night on melatonin, core temperature, heart rate, and sleepiness. J. Appl Physiol. 94, 1773\u20131776, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00616.2002 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl Physiol."},{"key":"4199_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/379540a0","volume":"379","author":"DB Boivin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Boivin, D. B., Duffy, J. F., Kronauer, R. E. & Czeisler, C. A. Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature 379, 540\u2013542, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/379540a0 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4199_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeitzer, J. M., Dijk, D. J., Kronauer, R., Brown, E. & Czeisler, C. Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol 526 Pt 3, 695-702 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x (2000).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x"},{"key":"4199_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1288632","volume":"34","author":"DG Gubin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gubin, D. G. et al. Activity, sleep and ambient light have a different impact on circadian blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 34, 632\u2013649, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07420528.2017.1288632 (2017).","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"4199_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000092644","volume":"13","author":"A Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, A. & Kratky, K. W. The effect of colored illumination on heart rate variability. Forsch. Komplementmed 13, 167\u2013173, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000092644 (2006).","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplementmed"},{"key":"4199_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1413","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00121.2005","volume":"290","author":"M R\u00fcger","year":"2006","unstructured":"R\u00fcger, M., Gordijn, M. C., Beersma, D. G., de Vries, B. & Daan, S. Time-of-day-dependent effects of bright light exposure on human psychophysiology: Comparison of daytime and nighttime exposure. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R1413\u2013R1420, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00121.2005 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4199_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.900501","volume":"31","author":"K Obayashi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Iwamoto, J., Ikada, Y. & Kurumatani, N. Association between light exposure at night and nighttime blood pressure in the elderly independent of nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion. Chronobiol. Int 31, 779\u2013786, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07420528.2014.900501 (2014).","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"4199_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120117","volume":"313","author":"YX Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, Y. X. et al. Physical activity alleviates negative effects of bedroom light pollution on blood pressure and hypertension in Chinese young adults. Environ. Pollut. 313, 120117, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120117 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"4199_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198109341783","volume":"37","author":"A Bryant Ludden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bryant Ludden, A. & Wolfson, A. R. Understanding adolescent caffeine use: connecting use patterns with expectancies, reasons, and sleep. Health Educ. Behav. 37, 330\u2013342, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198109341783 (2010).","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"4199_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.05.014","volume":"38","author":"RL Orbeta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orbeta, R. L., Overpeck, M. D., Ramcharran, D., Kogan, M. D. & Ledsky, R. High caffeine intake in adolescents: associations with difficulty sleeping and feeling tired in the morning. J. Adolesc. Health 38, 451\u2013453, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.05.014 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"4199_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.42","volume":"111","author":"CP Pollak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pollak, C. P. & Bright, D. Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders. Pediatrics 111, 42\u201346, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.111.1.42 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4199_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.004","volume":"12","author":"T Roehrs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roehrs, T. & Roth, T. Caffeine: sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep. Med Rev. 12, 153\u2013162, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.004 (2008).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med Rev."},{"key":"4199_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114, 555-576 (2004).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.S2.555"},{"key":"4199_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0378-8","volume":"15","author":"BS Bucher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bucher, B. S. et al. Primary hypertension in childhood. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 15, 444\u2013452, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-013-0378-8 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"4199_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.8.874","volume":"298","author":"ML Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hansen, M. L., Gunn, P. W. & Kaelber, D. C. Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents. JAMA298, 874\u2013879, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.298.8.874 (2007).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4199_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0371-2","volume":"15","author":"G Kapur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kapur, G. & Baracco, R. Evaluation of hypertension in children. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 15, 433\u2013443, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-013-0371-2 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"4199_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.23-6-197","volume":"23","author":"VF Norwood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norwood, V. F. Hypertension. Pediatr. Rev. 23, 197\u2013208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.23-6-197 (2002).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"4199_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.111.175695","volume":"58","author":"W Tu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tu, W. et al. Intensified effect of adiposity on blood pressure in overweight and obese children. Hypertension 58, 818\u2013824, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hypertensionaha.111.175695 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4199_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.766410","volume":"118","author":"S Javaheri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Javaheri, S., Storfer-Isser, A., Rosen, C. L. & Redline, S. Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Circulation 118, 1034\u20131040, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.766410 (2008).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4199_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00917.x","volume":"21","author":"C McCall","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCall, C. & McCall, W. V. Comparison of actigraphy with polysomnography and sleep logs in depressed insomniacs. J. Sleep. Res. 21, 122\u2013127, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00917.x (2012).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"4199_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9704080","volume":"157","author":"CL Marcus","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marcus, C. L., Greene, M. G. & Carroll, J. L. Blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 1098\u20131103, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9704080 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"4199_CR93","unstructured":"Slowik, J. M., Sankari, A. & Collen, J. F. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2023)."},{"key":"4199_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2013.10.012","volume":"32","author":"DA Schwengel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwengel, D. A., Dalesio, N. M. & Stierer, T. L. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiol. Clin. 32, 237\u2013261, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anclin.2013.10.012 (2014).","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"4199_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chuang, H. H. et al. Hypertension in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome-age, weight status, and disease severity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189602 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189602"},{"key":"4199_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213692","volume":"75","author":"KC Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan, K. C., Au, C. T., Hui, L. L., Wing, Y. K. & Li, A. M. Childhood OSA is an independent determinant of blood pressure in adulthood: Longitudinal follow-up study. Thorax 75, 422\u2013431, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213692 (2020).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"4199_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2003","volume":"6","author":"J Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandez-Mendoza, J. et al. Association of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea with elevated blood pressure and orthostatic hypertension in adolescence. JAMA Cardiol. 6, 1144\u20131151, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2003 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"4199_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.4557","volume":"10","author":"C Bal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bal, C. et al. The relationship between blood pressure and sleep duration in Turkish children: A cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Res Pediatr. Endocrinol. 10, 51\u201358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.4557 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4199_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112962","volume":"253","author":"P East","year":"2020","unstructured":"East, P. et al. Childhood socioeconomic hardship, family conflict, and young adult hypertension: The Santiago Longitudinal Study. Soc. Sci. Med. 253, 112962, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112962 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"4199_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.355","volume":"70","author":"RA Singleton Jr.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singleton, R. A. Jr. & Wolfson, A. R. Alcohol consumption, sleep, and academic performance among college students. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 70, 355\u2013363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.355 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"4199_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9775","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009775","volume":"5","author":"SC Mednick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mednick, S. C., Christakis, N. A. & Fowler, J. H. The spread of sleep loss influences drug use in adolescent social networks. PLoS One 5, e9775, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009775 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4199_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.11.006","volume":"176","author":"Q Regestein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Regestein, Q. et al. Sleep debt and depression in female college students. Psychiatry Res 176, 34\u201339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.11.006 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4199_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15402010bsm0303_1","volume":"3","author":"EM O\u2019Brien","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, E. M. & Mindell, J. A. Sleep and risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Behav. Sleep. Med 3, 113\u2013133, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15402010bsm0303_1 (2005).","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep. Med"},{"key":"4199_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1351","volume":"27","author":"X Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, X. Sleep and adolescent suicidal behavior. Sleep 27, 1351\u20131358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1351 (2004).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4199_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000218600.40593.18","volume":"19","author":"X Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, X. & Buysse, D. J. Sleep and youth suicidal behavior: A neglected field. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 19, 288\u2013293, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.yco.0000218600.40593.18 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4199_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5866","volume":"12","author":"S Paruthi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paruthi, S. et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J. Clin. Sleep. Med 12, 785\u2013786, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.5866 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med"},{"key":"4199_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A356","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.0832","volume":"47","author":"A Exarchakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Exarchakis, A. et al. 0832 hypertension in pediatric patients without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA. Sleep 47, A356\u2013A357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.0832 (2024).","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04199-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04199-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04199-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:35:02Z","timestamp":1772548502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04199-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04199-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}