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Whether these associations persist into school age for executive function (EF) is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children born MLP underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009168) and EF assessment at 9 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009159). Mean or median differences in EF subdomains (attentional control, cognitive flexibility, goal setting, behavioral EF) for a unit increase in brain volumes were estimated using linear regression, overall and for subgroups defined by gestational age at MRI, sex and excluding participants with developmental delay at 2 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were few associations between brain volumes and EF. Small effects were found for larger total tissue (mean difference\u2009=\u20090.16; 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.04, 0.36;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11), white matter (mean difference\u2009=\u20090.21; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.05, 0.38;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and subcortical gray matter (mean difference\u2009=\u20090.17; 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.01, 0.34;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06) volumes and improved goal setting. Subgroup relationships were similar.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonatal brain volumes in MLP children are not strongly associated with school-age EF. Imaging techniques with higher sensitivity, and other risk factors for poorer EF should be explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study described the associations between neonatal brain volumes and executive function (EF) outcomes at 9 years in children born moderate-to-late preterm (MLP), a group that has been under researched compared with children born very preterm.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There was limited evidence of an association between neonatal brain volumes and school-age EF outcomes in children born MLP, contrasting previous findings in very preterm children.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This suggests that neonatal brain volumes alone do not effectively predict school-age EF in children born MLP, highlighting the need for more sensitive neuroimaging techniques and identification of other important predictors of long-term outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04274-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:16:34Z","timestamp":1753352194000},"page":"1060-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between neonatal brain volume and school-age executive function in children born moderate-to-late preterm"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3999-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leona","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rheanna M.","family":"Mainzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy E.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deanne K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lex W.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanie L. 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