{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:31:38Z","timestamp":1785367898867,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early gestational weight gain (E-GWG) plays a crucial role in fetal development. Its timing and sex-specific impacts have not been thoroughly investigated, especially in Asian populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, 66,291 mother-infant pairs from the Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Care System were analyzed. Linear and logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between E-GWG and birth weight outcomes across BMI groups. We also analyzed the effects of E-GWG on the birth weight of infants born to pregnant women carrying male and female fetuses, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      E-GWG had a stronger impact on birth weight z-scores than late GWG (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.038 vs. 0.016,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In each BMI subgroup, E-GWG was positively correlated with the risk of LGA and negatively correlated with the risk of SGA (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The lower the prepregnancy BMI, the more sensitive the birth weight outcomes were to the variation in E-GWG and full-term GWG. The equivalent increase of E-GWG has different effects on the birth weight of male or female newborns. A female newborn has a higher risk of LGA at birth than a male in the underweight, overweight, and obesity group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Girls\u2019 mothers with low pre-pregnancy weight combined with E-GWG less than 10.7\u2009kg had a particularly high risk of SGA. Male newborns have a higher risk of SGA than females with the same insufficient E-GWG in the normal weight and overweight groups. When the E-GWG of mothers with obesity was less than 3.0\u2009kg, the SGA risk was increased for both male (OR 1.764, 95% CI 1.003-3.104) and female newborns (OR 2.540, 95% CI 1.364-4.729) compared with E-GWG more than 8.0\u2009kg.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insufficient E-GWG of women with underweight highlights the risk of female SGA. Pregnant women with excessive E-GWG should be aware of the risk of LGA, especially those carrying female fetuses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Early GWG showed stronger impacts on birth weight outcomes (LGA\/SGA) than late GWG, with BMI\/sex effects.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Female fetuses showed higher LGA odds with excessive E-GWG in moms with overweight\/obesity; insufficient E-GWG in moms with underweight strongly correlated with female-specific SGA vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings warrant BMI\/sex-tailored GWG guidelines to optimize Asian perinatal health and reduce long-term metabolic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04324-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T15:19:20Z","timestamp":1755616760000},"page":"929-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early gestational weight gain and birth weight outcome: a Chinese population-based cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leishen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huikun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174417000733","volume":"8","author":"T Bianco-Miotto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bianco-Miotto, T., Craig, J. 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