{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:22:11Z","timestamp":1788916931164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04345-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T11:20:23Z","timestamp":1757416823000},"page":"748-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gestational hypoxia increases brain-blood barrier permeability in the neonatal cerebral cortex of Guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Esteban G.","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo A.","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara A.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Meza-Vilches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Palma C","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Mu\u00f1os-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Be\u00f1aldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio A.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4345_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934198","volume":"69","author":"M Pie\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pie\u0161ov\u00e1, M. & Mach, M. Impact of perinatal hypoxia on the developing brain. Physiol. Res. 69, 199\u2013213 (2020).","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"4345_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19175","volume":"79","author":"W Tong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tong, W. Chronic hypoxia in ovine pregnancy recapitulates physiological and molecular markers of preeclampsia in the mother, placenta, and offspring. Hypertension 79, 1525\u20131535 (2022).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4345_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959750","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.959750","volume":"13","author":"VJ King","year":"2022","unstructured":"King, V. J. et al. Fetal growth restriction and stillbirth: biomarkers for identifying at risk fetuses. Front. Physiol. 13, 959750 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00055","volume":"10","author":"A Malhotra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malhotra, A. et al. Neonatal morbidities of fetal growth restriction: pathophysiology and impact. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 55 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4345_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271099","volume":"594","author":"DA Giussani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giussani, D. A. The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms.  J. Physiol. 594, 1215\u20131230 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000438451","volume":"108","author":"E Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohen, E., Baerts, W. & van Bel, F. Brain-sparing in intrauterine growth restriction: considerations for the neonatologist. Neonatology 108, 269\u2013276 (2015).","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"4345_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115356","volume":"207","author":"AA Paz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paz, A. A. & Gonz\u00e1lez-Candia, A. Potential pharmacological target of tight junctions to improve the BBB permeability in neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy diseases. Biochem. Pharmacol. 207, 115356 (2023).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4345_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Candia, A., Rogers, N. K. & Castillo, R. L. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in the detrimental brain function. in Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain (eds Heinbockel, T. & Zhou, Y.) 25\u201345 (IntechOpen, 2021).","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.94572"},{"key":"4345_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2017","volume":"98","author":"CA Ducsay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ducsay, C. A. et al. Gestational hypoxia and developmental plasticity. Physiol. Rev. 98, 1241\u20131334 (2018).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"4345_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147937","volume":"1788","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res. 1788, 147937 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"4345_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12349","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012349","volume":"23","author":"N Misan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Misan, N., Michalak, S., Kapska, K., Osztynowicz, K. & Ropacka-Lesiak, M. Blood-brain barrier disintegration in growth-restricted fetuses with brain sparing effect. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 12349 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4345_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215472","volume":"20","author":"L Costea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costea, L. et al. The blood-brain barrier and its intercellular junctions in age-related brain disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 5472 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4345_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00240-9","volume":"18","author":"EA Andersson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andersson, E. A., Mallard, C. & Ek, C. J. Circulating tight-junction proteins are potential biomarkers for blood-brain barrier function in a model of neonatal hypoxic\/ischemic brain injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 18, 7 (2021).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"4345_CR14","first-page":"144","volume":"10","author":"AA Candia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Candia, A. A. et al. Developmental ultrasound characteristics in Guinea pigs: similarities with human pregnancy. Vet. Sci. 10, 144 (2023).","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"4345_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","volume":"468","author":"A Armulik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armulik, A. et al. Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier. Nature 468, 557\u2013561 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4345_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12222","volume":"58","author":"F Torres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torres, F. et al. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and improves vascular function in pulmonary hypertensive newborn sheep. J. Pineal Res. 58, 362\u2013373 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"4345_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12613","volume":"68","author":"A Gonzal\u00e9z-Candia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzal\u00e9z-Candia, A. et al. Melatonin long-lasting beneficial effects on pulmonary vascular reactivity and redox balance in chronic hypoxic ovine neonates. J. Pineal Res. 68, e12613 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"4345_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009250","volume":"5","author":"EA Herrera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herrera, E. A., Verkerk, M. M., Derks, J. B. & Giussani, D. A. Antioxidant treatment alters peripheral vascular dysfunction induced by postnatal glucocorticoid therapy in rats. PloS ONE 5, e9250 (2010).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"4345_CR19","first-page":"71","volume":"3","author":"X Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao, X., Huang, X., Zhou, Z. & Lin, X. An improvement of the 2\u02c6(-delta delta CT) method for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data analysis. Biostat. Bioinform. Biomath. 3, 71\u201385 (2013).","journal-title":"Biostat. Bioinform. Biomath."},{"key":"4345_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2021.106853","volume":"138","author":"EG Figueroa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Figueroa, E. G. et al. Beneficial effects of melatonin on prostanoids pathways in pulmonary hypertensive neonates. Vasc. Pharmacol. 138, 106853 (2021).","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4345_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00185","volume":"9","author":"CR Astorga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorga, C. R. et al. Melatonin decreases pulmonary vascular remodeling and oxygen sensitivity in pulmonary hypertensive newborn lambs. Front. Physiol. 9, 185 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00560","volume":"10","author":"T Yawno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yawno, T. et al. Fetal growth restriction alters cerebellar development in fetal and neonatal sheep. Front. Physiol. 10, 560 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R2234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00909.2006","volume":"292","author":"EA Herrera","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herrera, E. A. et al. High-altitude chronic hypoxia during gestation and after birth modifies cardiovascular responses in newborn sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R2234\u2013R2240 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00149","volume":"5","author":"EA Herrera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herrera, E. A. et al. The placental pursuit for an adequate oxidant balance between the mother and the fetus. Front. Pharm. 5, 149 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"4345_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271110","volume":"594","author":"EA Herrera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herrera, E. A. et al. Cardiovascular function in term fetal sheep conceived, gestated and studied in the hypobaric hypoxia of the Andean altiplano. J. Physiol. 594, 1231\u20131245 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14598","volume":"75","author":"KL Gatford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gatford, K. L., Andraweera, P. H., Roberts, C. T. & Care, A. S. Animal models of preeclampsia: causes, consequences, and interventions. Hypertension 75, 1363\u20131381 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4345_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17750324","volume":"39","author":"LS Cahill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cahill, L. S. et al. Fetal brain sparing in a mouse model of chronic maternal hypoxia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 39, 1172\u20131184 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"4345_CR28","first-page":"545","volume":"108","author":"C Osmond","year":"2000","unstructured":"Osmond, C. & Barker, D. J. Fetal, infant, and childhood growth are predictors of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension in adult men and women. Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 545\u2013553 (2000).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"4345_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931922","volume":"58","author":"V Hampl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hampl, V. & Jakoubek, V. Regulation of fetoplacental vascular bed by hypoxia. Physiol. Res. 58, S87\u2013S94 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"4345_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274948","volume":"596","author":"JL Morrison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrison, J. L. et al. Guinea pig models for translation of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis into the clinic.  J. Physiol. 596, 5535\u20135569 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01802","volume":"9","author":"JJ Hirst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirst, J. J. et al. Birth and neonatal transition in the Guinea pig: experimental approaches to prevent preterm birth and protect the premature fetus. Front. Physiol. 9, 1802 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174417000307","volume":"8","author":"AL Cumberland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cumberland, A. L., Palliser, H. K., Rani, P., Walker, D. W. & Hirst, J. J. Effects of combined IUGR and prenatal stress on the development of the hippocampus in a fetal guinea pig model. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 8, 584\u2013596 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"4345_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000353631","volume":"36","author":"AA Baschat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baschat, A. A. Neurodevelopment after fetal growth restriction. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 36, 136\u2013142 (2014).","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"4345_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000479684","volume":"44","author":"E Hernandez-Andrade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez-Andrade, E. et al. Low cerebroplacental ratio at 20-24 weeks of gestation can predict reduced fetal size later in pregnancy or at birth. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 44, 112\u2013123 (2018).","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"4345_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15664","volume":"46","author":"J Morales-Rosell\u00f3","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morales-Rosell\u00f3, J. & Khalil, A. Fetal cerebral redistribution: a marker of compromise regardless of fetal size. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 46, 385\u2013388 (2015).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"4345_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R360","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00178.2004","volume":"288","author":"SJ Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams, S. J., Campbell, M. E., McMillen, I. C. & Davidge, S. T. Differential effects of maternal hypoxia or nutrient restriction on carotid and femoral vascular function in neonatal rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R360\u2013R367 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/107155760000700304","volume":"7","author":"FC Garcia","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garcia, F. C., Stiffel, V. M. & Gilbert, R. D. Effects of long-term high-altitude hypoxia on isolated fetal ovine coronary arteries. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 7, 211\u2013217 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"4345_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.038034","volume":"549","author":"CJ Hunter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hunter, C. J., Blood, A. B., White, C. R., Pearce, W. J. & Power, G. G. Role of nitric oxide in hypoxic cerebral vasodilatation in the ovine fetus.  J. Physiol. 549, 625\u2013633 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.023077","volume":"543","author":"AB Blood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blood, A. B., Hunter, C. J. & Power, G. G. The role of adenosine in regulation of cerebral blood flow during hypoxia in the near-term fetal sheep.  J. Physiol. 543, 1015\u20131023 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4345_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.011","volume":"27","author":"R San Mart\u00edn","year":"2006","unstructured":"San Mart\u00edn, R. & Sobrevia, L. Gestational diabetes and the adenosine\/L-arginine\/nitric oxide (ALANO) pathway in human umbilical vein endothelium. Placenta 27, 1\u201310 (2006).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"4345_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-012-9341-4","volume":"9","author":"C Escudero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Escudero, C. et al. Impaired A2A adenosine receptor\/nitric oxide\/VEGF signaling pathway in fetal endothelium during late- and early-onset preeclampsia. Purinergic Signal 9, 215\u2013226 (2013).","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal"},{"key":"4345_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.11.008","volume":"27","author":"M Wareing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wareing, M., Greenwood, S. L. & Baker, P. N. Reactivity of human placental chorionic plate vessels is modified by level of oxygenation: differences between arteries and veins. Placenta 27, 42\u201348 (2006).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"4345_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12303.x","volume":"103","author":"AG Templeton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Templeton, A. G., McGrath, J. C. & Whittle, M. J. The role of endogenous thromboxane in contractions to U46619, oxygen, 5-HT and 5-CT in the human isolated umbilical artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103, 1079\u20131084 (1991).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4345_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094500","volume":"22","author":"T Tropea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tropea, T. et al. Enhanced nitrite-mediated relaxation of placental blood vessels exposed to hypoxia is preserved in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4500 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4345_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","volume":"93","author":"D G\u00fcnzel","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00fcnzel, D. & Yu, A. S. Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability. Physiol. Rev. 93, 525\u2013569 (2013).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"4345_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22846","volume":"81","author":"A Solarz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solarz, A., Majcher-Ma\u015blanka, I. & Chocyk, A. Effects of early-life stress and sex on blood-brain barrier permeability and integrity in juvenile and adult rats. Dev. Neurobiol. 81, 861\u2013876 (2021).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"4345_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054688","volume":"24","author":"HS Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin, H. S., Choi, S. M., Lee, S. H., Moon, H. J. & Jung, E. M. A novel early life stress model affects brain development and behavior in mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 4688 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4345_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00194-0","volume":"13","author":"GL Semenza","year":"2001","unstructured":"Semenza, G. L. HIF-1 and mechanisms of hypoxia sensing. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 167\u2013171 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"4345_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100822RR","volume":"36","author":"BJ DeOre","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeOre, B. J., Partyka, P. P., Fan, F. & Galie, P. A. CD44 mediates shear stress mechanotransduction in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model through small GTPases RhoA and Rac1. FASEB J. 36, e22278 (2022).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"4345_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-185-7_24","volume":"762","author":"Y Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, Y. & Rosenberg, G. A. MMP-mediated disruption of claudin-5 in the blood-brain barrier of rat brain after cerebral ischemia. Methods Mol. Biol. 762, 333\u2013345 (2011).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"4345_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-023-03593-y","volume":"40","author":"H Ahmadighadykolaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmadighadykolaei, H., Lambert, J. A. & Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh, M. TIMP-1 protects tight junctions of brain endothelial cells from MMP-mediated degradation. Pharm. Res. 40, 2121\u20132131 (2023).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"4345_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.3","volume":"71","author":"N Bednarek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bednarek, N. et al. Increased MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in mouse neonatal brain and plasma and in human neonatal plasma after hypoxia-ischemia: a potential marker of neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr. Res. 71, 63\u201370 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4345_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00638.2020","volume":"125","author":"EG Figueroa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Figueroa, E. G. et al. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in hemorrhagic transformation: a therapeutic opportunity for nanoparticles and melatonin. J. Neurophysiol. 125, 2025\u20132033 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"4345_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1143544","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1143544","volume":"4","author":"I Wilhelm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilhelm, I., Ny\u00fal-T\u00f3th, \u00c1, Suciu, M., Hermenean, A. & Krizbai, I. A. Heterogeneity of the blood-brain barrier. Tissue Barriers 4, e1143544 (2016).","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"4345_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04403-1","volume":"79","author":"RL Matsuoka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuoka, R. L., Buck, L. D., Vajrala, K. P., Quick, R. E. & Card, O. A. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 79, 372 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04345-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04345-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04345-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:21:29Z","timestamp":1772551289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04345-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04345-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}