{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:50:11Z","timestamp":1776847811590,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04373-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T13:19:23Z","timestamp":1758979163000},"page":"1630-1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term multi-organ system abnormalities in mice exposed to antenatal and postnatal corticosteroids"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3391-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily X.","family":"Royse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah H.","family":"Hillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","volume":"150","author":"C Crump","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crump, C. An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth. Early Hum. Dev. 150, 105187, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187 (2020).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"4373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14592","volume":"77","author":"E Lurbe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lurbe, E. & Ingelfinger, J. Developmental and early life origins of cardiometabolic risk factors: novel findings and implications. Hypertension 77, 308\u2013318, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14592 (2021).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-13-0204","volume":"52","author":"EA Rog-Zielinska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rog-Zielinska, E. A., Richardson, R. V., Denvir, M. A. & Chapman, K. E. Glucocorticoids and foetal heart maturation; implications for prematurity and foetal programming. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 52, R125\u2013R135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JME-13-0204 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/930591","volume":"2012","author":"E Asztalos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asztalos, E. Antenatal corticosteroids: a risk factor for the development of chronic disease. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 930591, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/930591 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"4373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2016.12.004","volume":"125","author":"JT Busada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Busada, J. T. & Cidlowski, J. A. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action during development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 125, 147\u2013170, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2016.12.004 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"4373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1012","volume":"34","author":"T Braun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Braun, T., Challis, J. R., Newnham, J. P. & Sloboda, D. M. Early-life glucocorticoid exposure: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, placental function, and long-term disease risk. Endocr. Rev. 34, 885\u2013916, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2013-1012 (2013).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"4373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002237","volume":"130","author":"Committee on Obstetric, P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Committee on Obstetric, P Committee opinion No. 713: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet. Gynecol. 130, e102\u2013e109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002237 (2017).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"4373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R825","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00193.2017","volume":"315","author":"MW Kemp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kemp, M. W. et al. Efficacy and safety of antenatal steroids. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 315, R825\u2013R839, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00193.2017 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004454","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3","volume":"3","author":"D Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts, D., Brown, J., Medley, N. & Dalziel, S. R. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD004454, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3 (2017).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"4373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001145","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001145.pub5","volume":"11","author":"LW Doyle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L., Hay, S., Manley, B. J. & Halliday, H. L. Late (>\/= 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 11, CD001145, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001145.pub5 (2021).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"4373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lok, I. M. et al. Effects of postnatal corticosteroids on lung development in newborn animals. A systematic review. Pediatr. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03114-6 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03114-6"},{"key":"4373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237080","volume":"15","author":"C Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris, C. et al. Postnatal dexamethasone exposure and lung function in adolescents born very prematurely. PLoS One 15, e0237080, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0237080 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vrselja, A., Pillow, J. J. & Black, M. J. Effect of preterm birth on cardiac and cardiomyocyte growth and the consequences of antenatal and postnatal glucocorticoid treatment. J. Clin. Med. 10 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10173896 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173896"},{"key":"4373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.4.244","volume":"43","author":"MF Festing","year":"2002","unstructured":"Festing, M. F. & Altman, D. G. Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR J. 43, 244\u2013258, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ilar.43.4.244 (2002).","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"4373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L569","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00217.2011","volume":"302","author":"H Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, H., Yuan, X., Tang, J. & Zhang, Y. Lipopolysaccharide disrupts the directional persistence of alveolar myofibroblast migration through EGF receptor. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 302, L569\u2013L579, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00217.2011 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"4373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.37.8.572","volume":"37","author":"TP Cooney","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cooney, T. P. & Thurlbeck, W. M. The radial alveolar count method of Emery and Mithal: a reappraisal 1\u2013postnatal lung growth. Thorax 37, 572\u2013579, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.37.8.572 (1982).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"4373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.35.184.544","volume":"35","author":"JL Emery","year":"1960","unstructured":"Emery, J. L. & Mithal, A. The number of alveoli in the terminal respiratory unit of man during late intrauterine life and childhood. Arch. Dis. Child 35, 544\u2013547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.35.184.544 (1960).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"4373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000202804.84885.d0","volume":"98","author":"J Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. GDF15\/MIC-1 functions as a protective and antihypertrophic factor released from the myocardium in association with SMAD protein activation. Circ. Res. 98, 342\u2013350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.RES.0000202804.84885.d0 (2006).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308687","volume":"119","author":"M Wallner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallner, M. et al. Acute catecholamine exposure causes reversible myocyte injury without cardiac regeneration. Circ. Res 119, 865\u2013879, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308687 (2016).","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"4373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0809-6","volume":"88","author":"NH Hillman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hillman, N. H. et al. Dose of budesonide with surfactant affects lung and systemic inflammation after normal and injurious ventilation in preterm lambs. Pediatr. Res. 88, 726\u2013732, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-020-0809-6 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cummings, J. J., Pramanik, A. K., Committee On, F. & Newborn. Postnatal corticosteroids to prevent or treat chronic lung disease following preterm birth. Pediatrics 149 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-057530 (2022).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057530"},{"key":"4373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12724","volume":"13","author":"AH Jobe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jobe, A. H., Milad, M. A., Peppard, T. & Jusko, W. J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular and oral betamethasone and dexamethasone in reproductive age women in India. Clin. Transl. Sci. 13, 391\u2013399, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.12724 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192162","volume":"13","author":"D Tijsseling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tijsseling, D. et al. Neonatal corticosteroid therapy affects growth patterns in early infancy. PLoS One 13, e0192162, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192162 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0733","volume":"118","author":"FM Regan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Regan, F. M., Cutfield, W. S., Jefferies, C., Robinson, E. & Hofman, P. L. The impact of early nutrition in premature infants on later childhood insulin sensitivity and growth. Pediatrics 118, 1943\u20131949, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-0733 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.s44-s49","volume":"64","author":"A Singhal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singhal, A. Early nutrition and long-term cardiovascular health. Nutr. Rev. 64, S44\u2013S49, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1301\/nr.2006.may.s44-s49 (2006). discussion S72-91.","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"4373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118500.23649.DF","volume":"109","author":"A Singhal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singhal, A., Cole, T. J., Fewtrell, M., Deanfield, J. & Lucas, A. Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health? Circulation 109, 1108\u20131113, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118500.23649.DF (2004).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181176","volume":"12","author":"G Qin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qin, G. et al. Postnatal dexamethasone, respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years in babies born extremely preterm. PLoS One 12, e0181176, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181176 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200243","volume":"13","author":"C Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris, C. et al. Effect of dexamethasone exposure on the neonatal unit on the school age lung function of children born very prematurely. PLoS One 13, e0200243, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200243 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F25","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.1.f25","volume":"70","author":"N Evans","year":"1994","unstructured":"Evans, N. Cardiovascular effects of dexamethasone in the preterm infant. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 70, F25\u2013F30, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.70.1.f25 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"4373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s002469900075","volume":"17","author":"AW Gill","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gill, A. W., Warner, G. & Bull, L. Iatrogenic neonatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr. Cardiol. 17, 335\u2013339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002469900075 (1996).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"4373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)80446-9","volume":"120","author":"JC Werner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Werner, J. C. et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with dexamethasone therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J. Pediatr. 120, 286\u2013291, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)80446-9 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700122012670","volume":"41","author":"E Zecca","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zecca, E. et al. Cardiac adverse effects of early dexamethasone treatment in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Pharm. 41, 1075\u20131081, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00912700122012670 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"4373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F133","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.2.f133","volume":"78","author":"R Skelton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Skelton, R., Gill, A. B. & Parsons, J. M. Cardiac effects of short course dexamethasone in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 78, F133\u2013F137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.78.2.f133 (1998).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"4373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90089-r","volume":"125","author":"BL Ohning","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ohning, B. L., Fyfe, D. A. & Riedel, P. A. Reversible obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after dexamethasone therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am. Heart J. 125, 253\u2013256, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90089-r (1993).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"4373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200212000-00015","volume":"52","author":"WB de Vries","year":"2002","unstructured":"de Vries, W. B. et al. Alterations in adult rat heart after neonatal dexamethasone therapy. Pediatr. Res 52, 900\u2013906, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200212000-00015 (2002).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"4373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181a283a0","volume":"66","author":"MP Bal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bal, M. P. et al. Histopathological changes of the heart after neonatal dexamethasone treatment: studies in 4-, 8-, and 50-week-old rats. Pediatr. Res 66, 74\u201379, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181a283a0 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"4373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.258210","volume":"591","author":"Y Niu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niu, Y., Herrera, E. A., Evans, R. D. & Giussani, D. A. Antioxidant treatment improves neonatal survival and prevents impaired cardiac function at adulthood following neonatal glucocorticoid therapy. J. Physiol. 591, 5083\u20135093, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.258210 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"4373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00951.2007","volume":"104","author":"MP Bal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bal, M. P. et al. Long-term cardiovascular effects of neonatal dexamethasone treatment: hemodynamic follow-up by left ventricular pressure-volume loops in rats. J. Appl Physiol. (1985) 104, 446\u2013450, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00951.2007 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"4373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000249980.95264.dd","volume":"61","author":"PJ Kamphuis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kamphuis, P. J. et al. Reduced life expectancy in rats after neonatal dexamethasone treatment. Pediatr. Res 61, 72\u201376, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/01.pdr.0000249980.95264.dd (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"4373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.54","volume":"80","author":"X Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang, X. et al. Effects of neonatal dexamethasone administration on cardiac recovery ability under ischemia-reperfusion in 24-wk-old rats. Pediatr. Res. 80, 128\u2013135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2016.54 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115154","volume":"7","author":"RC Cardoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardoso, R. C. & Padmanabhan, V. Prenatal steroids and metabolic dysfunction: lessons from sheep. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 7, 337\u2013360, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115154 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"4373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00050.2005","volume":"21","author":"AL Fowden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fowden, A. L., Giussani, D. A. & Forhead, A. J. Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences. Physiology (Bethesda) 21, 29\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00050.2005 (2006).","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"key":"4373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8612","volume":"93","author":"JK Jellyman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jellyman, J. K., Valenzuela, O. A. & Fowden, A. L. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: glucocorticoid programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and metabolic function: Animal studies from mouse to horse. J. Anim. Sci. 93, 3245\u20133260, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2014-8612 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030101","volume":"3","author":"TC Leone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leone, T. C. et al. PGC-1alpha deficiency causes multi-system energy metabolic derangements: muscle dysfunction, abnormal weight control and hepatic steatosis. PLoS Biol. 3, e101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030101 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"4373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.017","volume":"152","author":"A Besse-Patin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Besse-Patin, A. et al. Estrogen signals through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha to reduce oxidative damage associated with diet-induced fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 152, 243\u2013256, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.017 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1571","volume":"58","author":"JL Estall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Estall, J. L. et al. Sensitivity of lipid metabolism and insulin signaling to genetic alterations in hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha expression. Diabetes 58, 1499\u20131508, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-1571 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207287109","volume":"109","author":"S Kleiner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kleiner, S. et al. Development of insulin resistance in mice lacking PGC-1alpha in adipose tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 9635\u20139640, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1207287109 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"4373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","volume":"153","author":"C Lopez-Otin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopez-Otin, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M. & Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153, 1194\u20131217, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4373_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.018","volume":"71","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 accentuates aging-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction: role of AMPK, Sirt1, and mitochondrial function. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 71, 208\u2013220, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.018 (2014).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"4373_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq141","volume":"65","author":"H Lemieux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lemieux, H., Vazquez, E. J., Fujioka, H. & Hoppel, C. L. Decrease in mitochondrial function in rat cardiac permeabilized fibers correlates with the aging phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 65, 1157\u20131164, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glq141 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111870","volume":"216","author":"P Owesny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Owesny, P. & Grune, T. The link between obesity and aging - insights into cardiac energy metabolism. Mech. Ageing Dev. 216, 111870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111870 (2023).","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"4373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.61.01.072","volume":"61","author":"GA Balsan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balsan, G. A., Vieira, J. L., Oliveira, A. M. & Portal, V. L. Relationship between adiponectin, obesity and insulin resistance. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) 61, 72\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9282.61.01.072 (2015).","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992)"},{"key":"4373_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15046184","volume":"15","author":"UJ Jung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung, U. J. & Choi, M. S. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15, 6184\u20136223, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms15046184 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(03)00313-5","volume":"52","author":"J Hulthe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hulthe, J., Hulten, L. M. & Fagerberg, B. Low adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin concentrations are associated with the metabolic syndrome and small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: atherosclerosis and insulin resistance study. Metabolism 52, 1612\u20131614, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0026-0495(03)00313-5 (2003).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"4373_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20565","volume":"22","author":"TL Crume","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crume, T. L. et al. The long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse U.S. cohort of children: the EPOCH study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 22, 608\u2013615, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20565 (2014).","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"4373_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ordonez-Diaz, M. D. et al. Plasma adipokines profile in prepubertal children with a history of prematurity or extrauterine growth restriction. Nutrients 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12041201 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041201"},{"key":"4373_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae027","volume":"199","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai, Y. et al. Prenatal prednisone exposure impacts liver development and function in fetal mice and its characteristics. Toxicol. Sci. 199, 63\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae027 (2024).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","volume":"7","author":"AB Nair","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nair, A. B. & Jacob, S. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J. Basic Clin. Pharm. 7, 27\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-0105.177703 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"4373_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2545-0","volume":"367","author":"JC Schittny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schittny, J. C. Development of the lung. Cell Tissue Res. 367, 427\u2013444, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-016-2545-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"4373_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0009","volume":"1","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. & Jordan, B. K. Let\u2019s talk about dex: when do the benefits of dexamethasone for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia outweigh the risks?. Newborn (Clarksville) 1, 91\u201396, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0009 (2022).","journal-title":"Newborn (Clarksville)"},{"key":"4373_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.025","volume":"152","author":"S Dutta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dutta, S. & Sengupta, P. Men and mice: relating their ages. Life Sci. 152, 244\u2013248, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.025 (2016).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"4373_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290065031","volume":"273","author":"Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes NIH consensus development panel on the effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. JAMA 273, 413\u2013418, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290065031 (1995).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4373_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221847","volume":"14","author":"YE Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, Y. E., Park, W. S., Sung, D. K., Ahn, S. Y. & Chang, Y. S. Antenatal betamethasone enhanced the detrimental effects of postnatal dexamethasone on hyperoxic lung and brain injuries in newborn rats. PLoS One 14, e0221847, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221847 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4373_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36513","volume":"6","author":"A Ersek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ersek, A. et al. Strain dependent differences in glucocorticoid-induced bone loss between C57BL\/6J and CD-1 mice. Sci. Rep. 6, 36513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep36513 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4373_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.06.017","volume":"222","author":"GE Hodes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hodes, G. E. et al. Strain differences in the effects of chronic corticosterone exposure in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 222, 269\u2013280, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.06.017 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4373_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0006-z","volume":"84","author":"EL Shelton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shelton, E. L. et al. Effects of antenatal betamethasone on preterm human and mouse ductus arteriosus: comparison with baboon data. Pediatr. Res. 84, 458\u2013465, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-018-0006-z (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-77","volume":"10","author":"H Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. The angiogenic factor midkine is regulated by dexamethasone and retinoic acid during alveolarization and in alveolar epithelial cells. Respir. Res. 10, 77, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-10-77 (2009).","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.128","volume":"76","author":"A Krishnan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krishnan, A. et al. A detailed comparison of mouse and human cardiac development. Pediatr. Res. 76, 500\u2013507, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2014.128 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4373_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00033.2003","volume":"15","author":"A Wessels","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wessels, A. & Sedmera, D. Developmental anatomy of the heart: a tale of mice and man. Physiol. Genom. 15, 165\u2013176, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00033.2003 (2003).","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"4373_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.017","volume":"186","author":"E Kaffe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaffe, E. et al. Humanized mouse liver reveals endothelial control of essential hepatic metabolic functions. Cell 186, 3793\u20133809 e3726, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.017 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4373_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000360506","volume":"64","author":"MH Vickers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vickers, M. H. Developmental programming and transgenerational transmission of obesity. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 64, 26\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000360506 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"4373_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.011924","volume":"6","author":"JL Buescher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buescher, J. L. et al. Evidence for transgenerational metabolic programming in Drosophila. Dis. Model Mech. 6, 1123\u20131132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.011924 (2013).","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"4373_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00764","volume":"10","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Cao, F. & Li, X. Epigenetic programming and fetal metabolic programming. Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 10, 764, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00764 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04373-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04373-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04373-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:52:18Z","timestamp":1776844338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04373-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04373-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}