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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their oxidized metabolites (oxylipins) are important bioactive lipids that\u00a0modulate immune responses, inflammation, and oxidative stress. However, their roles in child NDP and EBP remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 259 mother-child pairs from the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Maternal plasma samples\u00a0collected around 26 weeks\u2019 gestation were analyzed for bioactive lipid levels using high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Child NDP and EBP were assessed at ages 1\u20133 using the Battelle Developmental Index, 2nd edition (BDI-2) and the Child Behavioral Checklist for ages 1.5\u20135 (CBCL\/1.5\u20135). We evaluated associations between maternal bioactive\u00a0lipid levels and child NDP or EBP\u00a0outcomes and conducted sex-stratified analyses to examine effect modification\u00a0by child sex. As a sensitivity analysis, we restricted analyses to term births to evaluate the associations independent of\u00a0potential effects of preterm birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altered maternal bioactive\u00a0lipid concentrations were associated with poorer neurodevelopmental and emotional\/behavioral outcomes in children aged 1\u20133 years. The associations were modified by child sex and preterm birth status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need for further research into bioactive-lipid-related maternal mechanisms that may influence early childhood neurodevelopment and behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Previous studies suggest potential roles of maternal PUFAs and oxylipins during pregnancy on child NDP and EBP, as these\u00a0bioactive lipids play crucial roles in immune response, inflammation, and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In this cohort study, we found several associations between maternal bioactive lipid levels during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment and behavior from 1 to 3 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The associations were attenuated after excluding preterm children, suggesting a potential mediating role of preterm birth. Additionally, distinct patterns emerged based on both the inflammatory properties of the bioactive lipids and child sex.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04465-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T05:40:06Z","timestamp":1759902006000},"page":"1880-1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal bioactive lipids during pregnancy and early childhood neurodevelopment and behavior"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Seonyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Woodbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhramar","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramaniam","family":"Pennathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gredia Huerta","family":"Monta\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaira","family":"Rosario-Pab\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen M.","family":"V\u00e9lez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Alshawabkeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Meeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfonso, V. 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