{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:50:47Z","timestamp":1776847847445,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04468-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:26:18Z","timestamp":1758932778000},"page":"1261-1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does timing of surgery make the difference in outcomes for preterm infants with NEC?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvesh Mohan","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Shenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005408","volume":"364","author":"J Neu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neu, J. & Walker, W. A. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 255\u2013264 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4468_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2004.tb00868.x","volume":"39","author":"K Sankaran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sankaran, K. et al. Variations in incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 39, 366\u2013372 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"4468_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1432808","volume":"12","author":"A Cuna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cuna, A., Kumar, N. & Sampath, V. Understanding necrotizing enterocolitis endotypes and acquired intestinal injury phenotypes from a historical and artificial intelligence perspective. Front. Pediatr. 12, 1432808 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"4468_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2018.08.004","volume":"23","author":"ME Mowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mowitz, M. E., Dukhovny, D. & Zupancic, J. A. F. The cost of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Semin. fetal neonatal Med. 23, 416\u2013419 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin. fetal neonatal Med."},{"key":"4468_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-127","volume":"13","author":"V Ganapathy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ganapathy, V., Hay, J. W., Kim, J. H., Lee, M. L. & Rechtman, D. J. Long term healthcare costs of infants who survived neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a retrospective longitudinal study among infants enrolled in Texas Medicaid. BMC Pediatr. 13, 127 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"4468_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garg, P. M. et al. Outcomes by disease onset, sex, and intervention in neonates with SIP and surgical NEC. Pediatr. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-023-02749-1 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02749-1"},{"key":"4468_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e370","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005099","volume":"274","author":"ML Blakely","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blakely, M. L. et al. Initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage in extremely low birthweight infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Ann. Surg. 274, e370\u2013e380 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"4468_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318176bf81","volume":"248","author":"CM Rees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rees, C. M. et al. Peritoneal drainage or laparotomy for neonatal bowel perforation? A randomized controlled trial. Ann. Surg. 248, 44\u201351 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"4468_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rao, S. C., Basani, L., Simmer, K., Samnakay, N. & Deshpande, G. Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. Cd006182, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006182.pub2 (2011).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006182.pub2"},{"key":"4468_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-230048","volume":"16","author":"PM Garg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garg, P. M. & Shenberger, J. S. Surgical NEC, randomized control trials, missed opportunity. J. Neonatal. Perinat. Med. 16, 193\u2013194 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neonatal. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"4468_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000202","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0897.1000202","volume":"4","author":"PM Garg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garg, P. M., Garg, P. P. & Lal, C. V. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): a devastating disease of prematurity. J. Neonatal Biol. 4, 1000202 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Biol."},{"key":"4468_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.04.028","volume":"56","author":"GS Bethell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bethell, G. S., Knight, M. & Hall, N. J. Surgical necrotizing enterocolitis: association between surgical indication, timing, and outcomes. J. Pediatr. Surg. 56, 1785\u20131790 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"4468_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798241310112","volume":"17","author":"PM Garg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garg, P. M. et al. Association of timing of surgery and outcomes in preterm infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis and intestinal perforation. J. Neonatal Perinat. Med. 17, 795\u2013809 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Perinat. Med."},{"key":"4468_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348241256054","volume":"90","author":"JL Rauh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rauh, J. L. et al. Does the timing of surgical intervention impact outcomes in necrotizing enterocolitis?. Am. Surg. 90, 2279\u20132284 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"4468_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02695-w","volume":"24","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui, C. et al. A time series algorithm to predict surgery in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak. 24, 304 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"4468_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03292-3","volume":"97","author":"GS Bethell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bethell, G. S., Jones, I. H., Battersby, C., Knight, M. & Hall, N. J. Methods of identifying surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Res. 97, 45\u201355 (2025).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4468_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15168","volume":"39","author":"JL Benjamin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benjamin, J. L. et al. Improved diagnostic sensitivity of bowel disease of prematurity on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. J. Ultrasound Med. 39, 1031\u20131036 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"4468_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.22.2745","volume":"102","author":"JR Lindner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindner, J. R. et al. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes. Circulation 102, 2745\u20132750 (2000).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4468_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2008.03.001","volume":"32","author":"XX Jing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jing, X. X. et al. Evaluation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits using microbubbles targeted to activated neutrophils. Clin. Imaging 32, 178\u2013182 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"4468_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.034","volume":"59","author":"VG Weis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weis, V. G. et al. Photoacoustic Imaging as a novel non-invasive biomarker to assess intestinal tissue oxygenation and motility in neonatal rats. J. Pediatr. Surg. 59, 528\u2013536 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04468-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04468-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04468-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:52:58Z","timestamp":1776844378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-025-04468-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04468-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}