{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:50:49Z","timestamp":1791255049234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Appropriate terminology and definitions of neonatal encephalopathy (NE), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and perinatal asphyxia (PA) remain controversial. Participant criteria used in therapeutic hypothermia (TH) trials are frequently used as case definitions for NE\/HIE\/PA but studies are inconsistent. This review aims to assess variations in terminology and case participant criteria between trials for NE\/HIE\/PA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Search strategy retrieved articles from databases (Embase, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, CDSR and WHO) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for NE\/HIE\/PA using any definition for NE\/HIE\/PA. Outcomes were a description of the terminology, definitions, and participant criteria. Two reviewers independently screened results. Qualitative results were synthesized in a narrative summary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search provided 6768 results. 67 were included in the qualitative synthesis. HIE was the most frequently used term (56\/67). NE was the least frequent (16\/67). Some of the common inclusion criteria were Apgar scores (63\/67), metabolic acidosis (58\/67), and reduced level of consciousness (57\/67). Most frequently employed exclusion criteria were prematurity (63\/67), major congenital abnormalities (62\/67), and identification beyond 6\u2009h from birth (62\/67).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review identified variations in terminology and in-trial participant criteria between studies. These results will inform a consensus process for developing a definition and case definition of NE\/HIE\/PA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our article demonstrated significant variations in the terminology used to describe the condition of NE\/HIE\/PA, which demonstrates a need for more consistent definitions in terminology.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A broad but meaningful definition of the condition would provide an inclusive approach while permitting subclassifications within the condition, and permitting comparisons and benchmarking across different settings.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Developing consistency across these areas, as far as possible, would allow improved interpretation of interventions on long-term prognosis and greater generalizability of trial results<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04750-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:50:34Z","timestamp":1772189434000},"page":"696-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Systematic review of terminology, definitions, and eligibility criteria in trials of neonatal encephalopathy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and perinatal 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