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Outside the submitted work, he has received personal fees from Biocodex and Menarini, as well as non-financial support from Pfizer, MSD, Nutricia, Nestl\u00e9, AbbVie, Mayoly Spindler, Gilead Sciences, Hospira, and Aptalis Pharma. Laurence Delhaes reports support for the present work from Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Lumivabiota study, IIS-2016-105028), and additional grants from ANR (\u201cInf-HOLOBIONT\u201d) and Pfizer (\u201cIA-holobiont\u201d). Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus reports grants from Vertex Therapeutics and Tavanta, outside the submitted work. She has been the principal investigator of clinical trials sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, PTC Therapeutics, and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. She also participated in a scientific advisory board at Vertex Therapeutics. Philippe Reix declares honorary grants and lecture payments from Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Jeanne Languepin and St\u00e9phanie Bui received personal fees for presentations from Viatris and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Patrick Berger declares an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca, consulting and speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Chiesi, and GSK, as well as patent ownership and stock holdings in Tesla, NIO, and ALSET. Sanjay H. Chotirmall reports receiving grants from various Singapore national agencies and consulting fees, lecture fees, and advisory board participation from CSL Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pneumagen, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and others. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from participants\u2019 parents or legal guardians prior to inclusion, in accordance with French regulations in force at the time of the study; assent was sought from children when appropriate. The study used residual care samples and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03565692).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}