{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:42:36Z","timestamp":1783132956287,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extremely preterm birth increases the risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. Early interventions supporting child and parent may improve child neurodevelopment, but evidence is limited. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the Stockholm Preterm Interaction-Based Intervention on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months\u2019 corrected age. Risk of autism spectrum disorder was examined as separate outcome. We also investigated whether the effect varied according to biological and psychosocial factors including maternal depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This randomised controlled trial included 130 infants born extremely preterm. Participants were randomised to receive either the intervention in addition to an extended follow-up program (intervention group) or solely the extended follow-up program (control group). Neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months' corrected age using the\u00a0Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3\n                      <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n                      edition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant group differences were found in cognitive, language, or motor development, neither in the overall group nor within the sub-group of children at risk of autism spectrum disorder. No interaction effects by biological and psychosocial factors were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurodevelopmental effects of the intervention were not observed at 24 months' corrected age in our cohort of children born extremely preterm. Follow-up is important to evaluate long-term effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A strength-based, post-discharge parent-infant intervention showed no short-term effects on neurodevelopment at 24 months' corrected age in children born extremely preterm.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This trial contributes to the limited evidence on early, family-centered interventions after extremely preterm birth, indicating that measurable benefits may require longer follow-up or higher intervention intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our findings emphasize the importance of continued longitudinal evaluation and refinement of early support programs to better promote both child development and parental well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Around 44% of the children scored below -1 SD indicating risk in cognitive, language or motor development, highlighting the need for interventions and continuous follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-026-04940-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1776924366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neurodevelopment after a strength-based intervention in children born extremely preterm: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Hallin Provenzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noni","family":"Wadstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"L\u00f6wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Nivins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Zettby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Charlotte","family":"Smedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Westling","family":"Allodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Westrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"\u00c5d\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"\u00d6rtqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0018","volume":"118","author":"T Raju","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raju, T., Higgins, R., Stark, A. & Leveno, K. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics 118, 1207\u20131214 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-04-18-4545","volume":"48","author":"RS Jois","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jois, R. S. Understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very and extremely preterm infants: A clinical review. Aust. J. Gen. Pr. 48, 26\u201331 (2019).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"4940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5d\u00e9n, U. et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants born at 22-26 weeks gestation: a follow-up of 2-2.5 years across two Swedish national cohorts from 2004-2007 to 2014-2016. Arch Dis Child Fetal. Neonatal Ed. 2024-327919 (2025).","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-327919"},{"key":"4940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2052","volume":"175","author":"S Behboodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behboodi, S. et al. Trends over time in cognitive outcomes of children born very preterm: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 1035\u20131042 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01846.x","volume":"99","author":"EXPRESS Group","year":"2010","unstructured":"EXPRESS Group Incidence of and risk factors for neonatal morbidity after active perinatal care: extremely preterm infants study in Sweden (EXPRESS). Acta Paediatr. 99, 978\u2013992 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1210","volume":"170","author":"F Serenius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serenius, F. et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm infants 6.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA Pediatr. 170, 954\u2013963 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR7","first-page":"1245","volume":"27","author":"N Padilla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Padilla, N. et al. Poor brain growth in extremely preterm neonates long before the onset of autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Cereb. Cortex 27, 1245\u20131252 (2017).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"4940_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.09.021","volume":"164","author":"M Kuzniewicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuzniewicz, M. et al. Prevalence and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 164, 20\u201325 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00414-0","volume":"12","author":"H O\u2019Reilly","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, H., Ni, Y., Johnson, S., Wolke, D. & Marlow, N. Extremely preterm birth and autistic traits in young adulthood: the EPICure study. Mol. Autism 12, 1\u201312 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"4940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.001","volume":"164","author":"K Treyvaud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Treyvaud, K., Lee, K., Doyle, L. & Anderson, P. Very preterm birth influences parental mental health and family outcomes seven years after birth. J. Pediatr. 164, 515\u2013521 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR11","first-page":"5","volume":"6","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. Attachment theory and its therapeutic implications. Adolesc. Psychiatry 6, 5\u201333 (1978).","journal-title":"Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-010-0080-1","volume":"14","author":"S Goodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goodman, S. et al. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 14, 1\u201327 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"4940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0810","volume":"170","author":"C Pace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pace, C. et al. Evolution of depression and anxiety symptoms in parents of very preterm infants during the newborn period. JAMA Pediatr. 170, 863 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2517","volume":"51","author":"D Jacobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobson, D., L\u00f6wing, K., Hjalmarsson, E. & Tedroff, K. Exploring social participation in young adults with cerebral palsy. J. Rehabil. Med 51, 167\u2013174 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"4940_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000091","volume":"143","author":"K Mathewson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathewson, K. et al. Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 143, 347\u2013383 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"4940_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315778","volume":"104","author":"S Petrou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petrou, S., Yiu, H. & Kwon, J. Economic consequences of preterm birth: A systematic review of the recent literature (2009-2017). Arch. Dis. Child 104, 456\u2013465 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"4940_CR17","first-page":"102155","volume":"63","author":"Care of Preterm or Low Birthweight Infants Group","year":"2023","unstructured":"Care of Preterm or Low Birthweight Infants Group New World Health Organization recommendations for care of preterm or low birth weight infants: health policy. E Clin. Med. 63, 102155 (2023).","journal-title":"E Clin. Med."},{"key":"4940_CR18","volume":"2","author":"J Orton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orton, J. et al. Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD005495 (2024).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"4940_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1934-4","volume":"20","author":"E Baraldi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baraldi, E. et al. Stockholm preterm interaction-based intervention (SPIBI) - study protocol for an RCT of a 12-month parallel-group post-discharge program for extremely preterm infants and their parents. BMC Pediatr. 20, 1934\u20131934 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17399","volume":"114","author":"E Baraldi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baraldi, E. et al. Parent\u2013child interaction after home-visiting intervention for children born extremely preterm\u2013A randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 114, 74\u201382 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.01.002","volume":"34","author":"Z Biringen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biringen, Z., Derscheid, D., Vliegen, N., Closson, L. & Easterbrooks, M. Emotional availability (EA): Theoretical background, empirical research using the EA Scales, and clinical applications. Developmental Rev. 34, 114\u2013167 (2014).","journal-title":"Developmental Rev."},{"key":"4940_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"A Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond, A. & Snaith, R. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 67, 361\u2013370 (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"4940_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.3298","volume":"175","author":"A Whitehouse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whitehouse, A. et al. Effect of preemptive intervention on developmental outcomes among infants showing early signs of autism. JAMA Pediatr. 175, e213298 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03635-5","volume":"31","author":"S Hopewell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hopewell, S. et al. CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomized trials. Nat. Med 31, 1776\u20131783 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"4940_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayley, N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd Edition: Screening Test Manual. (Harcourt Assessment Psych. Corporation, San Antonio, Tex, USA, 2006)","DOI":"10.1037\/t14978-000"},{"key":"4940_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.10","volume":"75","author":"S Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, S., Moore, T. & Marlow, N. Using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopmental delay: which cut-off should be used?. Pediatr. Res 75, 670\u2013674 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res"},{"key":"4940_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1813","volume":"133","author":"D Robins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robins, D. et al. Validation of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R\/F). Pediatrics 133, 37\u201345 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4940_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.071","volume":"176","author":"M Flierman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flierman, M. et al. Feasibility of a preventive parenting intervention for very preterm children at 18 months corrected Age: A Randomized Pilot Trial. J. Pediatr. 176, 79\u201385 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1323581","volume":"30","author":"P Srinivasakumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srinivasakumar, P. et al. Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation\u2014impact on early neurodevelopmental outcome. Am. J. Perinatol. 30, 207\u2013214 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"4940_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1011-4","volume":"18","author":"S Dusing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dusing, S. et al. Supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention versus usual care to enhance development outcomes during the transition from the neonatal intensive care unit to home: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 18, 46 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3137","volume":"126","author":"A Spittle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spittle, A. et al. Preventive care at home for very preterm infants improves infant and caregiver outcomes at 2 years. Pediatrics 126, 171\u2013178 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4940_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16037","volume":"110","author":"J M\u00e5nsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e5nsson, J. et al. The ability of Bayley-III scores to predict later intelligence in children born extremely preterm. Acta Paediatr. 110, 3030\u20133039 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16694","volume":"112","author":"C Montgomery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montgomery, C. et al. Predictive value of Bayley-III Motor Index for later motor difficulties in children born extremely preterm. Acta Paediatr. 112, 742\u2013752 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0426","volume":"130","author":"M Spencer-Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spencer-Smith, M. et al. Long-term benefits of home-based preventive care for preterm infants: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 130, 1094\u20131101 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4940_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0221-9","volume":"13","author":"IP Landsem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landsem, I. P. et al. Early intervention influences positively quality of life as reported by prematurely born children at age nine and their parents; a randomized clinical trial. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 13, 25 (2015).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"4940_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12368","volume":"86","author":"I Landsem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landsem, I., Handeg\u00e5rd, B., Ulvund, S., Kaaresen, P. & R\u00f8nning, J. Does an early intervention influence behavioral development until age 9 in children born prematurely? Child Dev. 86, 1063\u20131079 (2015).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"4940_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.018","volume":"243","author":"T Katz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katz, T. et al. Severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 and 5 years corrected age. J. Pediatr. 243, 40\u201346 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F631","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315993","volume":"104","author":"R Vliegenthart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vliegenthart, R., Kaam, A., Aarmoudse-Moens, C., Wassenaer, A. & Onland, W. Duration of mechanical ventilation and neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 104, F631\u2013F635 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"4940_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13594","volume":"60","author":"A Spittle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spittle, A., Treyvaud, K., Lee, K., Anderson, P. & Doyle, L. The role of social risk in an early preventative care programme for infants born very preterm: a randomized controlled trial. Dev. Med Child Neurol. 60, 54\u201362 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"4940_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.09.009","volume":"156","author":"K Koldewijn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koldewijn, K. et al. A neurobehavioral intervention and assessment program in very low birth weight infants: outcome at 24 months. J. Pediatr. 156, 359\u2013365 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4940_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0778","volume":"126","author":"M Nordhov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nordhov, M. et al. Early intervention improves cognitive outcomes for preterm infants: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 126, 1088\u20131094 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4940_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040474","volume":"9","author":"S Ulvund","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ulvund, S. Early intervention in families with preterm infants: a review of findings from a randomized controlled trial following children up to 9 years of age. Children 9, 474 (2022).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"4940_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x","volume":"39","author":"R Palisano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Palisano, R. et al. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med Child Neurol. 39, 214\u2013223 (1997).","journal-title":"Dev. Med Child Neurol."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-04940-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-04940-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-04940-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:03:27Z","timestamp":1776927807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-04940-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["4940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-026-04940-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Stockholm (2017\/1596-31). All parents or guardians gave their written consent of participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}