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We hypothesized that individuals with slower growth during infancy or childhood had a lower degree of well-being at age 18 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This population-based study examined early life growth in relation to adolescent well-being in the GrowUp\n                      <jats:sub>1974&amp;1990<\/jats:sub>\n                      Gothenburg cohorts (n\u2009=\u20094319). Individual growth trajectories were modeled using the Quadratic-Exponential-Pubertal-Stop (QEPS) model, based on longitudinal height data. Well-being was assessed using the Gothenburg Well-being in Adolescence scale.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations between early life growth (birth size, height at ages 2, 4, and 7 years, and growth change) and adolescent well-being were uniformly small (\u03b2 ranging from \u22120.2 to 0.2), with narrow confidence intervals and low explained variance (R\u00b2 \u2264 1%). However, in the 1974 cohort, males born large for gestational age reported higher total well-being than peers born appropriate or small for gestational age, while females born large for gestational age by weight reported lower mood and self-esteem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in self-reported well-being at age 18 years associated with early-life growth were small and probably of minimal clinical importance, providing relevant information for healthcare professionals and parents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This population-based study, with longitudinal growth data from over 4,000 Swedish adolescents, born in 1974 and 1990, showed that early life growth is of limited importance for self-reported well-being at age 18.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There is a well-established link between growth and future health, but our results suggest that early deviations in physical growth are unlikely to have substantial implications for adolescent well-being in relatively healthy populations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The study\u2019s findings may offer reassurance to clinicians and parents concerned about the long-term psychological consequences of early growth variations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-026-04952-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:13:23Z","timestamp":1778688803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Limited evidence that early life growth predicts well-being in adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carin","family":"Skogastierna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Swolin-Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Elfvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenni G\u00e5rdstedt","family":"Berghog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Lissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas F. 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