{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:49:29Z","timestamp":1782125369373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-026-05232-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:08:04Z","timestamp":1782119284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Siew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talat","family":"Shama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen F.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Jopling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navin","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2011.0080","volume":"6","author":"DL Clark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clark, D. L., Rudert, C. & Mangasaryan, N. Breastfeeding: a priority for UNICEF. Breastfeed. Med. 6, 349\u2013351 (2011).","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"5232_CR2","first-page":"CD003517","volume":"2012","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kramer, M. S. & Kakuma, R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, CD003517 (2012).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"5232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013","volume":"91","author":"NJ Andreas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andreas, N. J., Kampmann, B. & Le-Doare, K. M. Human breast milk: a review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Hum. Dev. 91, 629\u2013635 (2015).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"5232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","volume":"60","author":"O Ballard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ballard, O. & Morrow, A. L. Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 60, 49\u201374 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"5232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010062","volume":"17","author":"G Favara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Favara, G. et al. Maternal lifestyle factors affecting breast milk composition and infant health: a systematic review. Nutrients 17, 62 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110695","volume":"8","author":"D Munblit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munblit, D. et al. Colostrum and mature human milk of women from London, Moscow, and Verona: determinants of immune composition. Nutrients 8, 695 (2016).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5232_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization & United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF). Global breastfeeding scorecard 2023: rates of breastfeeding increase around the world through improved protection and support (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2023)."},{"key":"5232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1256390","volume":"11","author":"C Tomori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tomori, C. Global lessons for strengthening breastfeeding as a key pillar of food security. Front. Public Health 11, 1256390 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"5232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00300-6","volume":"13","author":"D Bhandari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhandari, D., Fawzi, W. W., Arabi, M. & Danaei, G. Impact of scaling up breastfeeding on reducing the global burden of non-communicable diseases in mothers and children: a population-based modelling analysis for 132 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob. Health 13, e1817\u2013e1827 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"5232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12788","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12788","volume":"15","author":"TF Olufunlayo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olufunlayo, T. F. et al. Improving exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Matern. Child Nutr. 15, e12788 (2019).","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06501-x","volume":"621","author":"A Mertens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mertens, A. et al. Causes and consequences of child growth faltering in low-resource settings. Nature 621, 568\u2013576 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1431-5","volume":"17","author":"W Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, W. et al. Growth faltering is associated with altered brain functional connectivity and cognitive outcomes in urban Bangladeshi children exposed to early adversity. BMC Med. 17, 199 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"5232_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) & World Bank Group. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2025 edition (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2025)."},{"key":"5232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61693-6","volume":"371","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhutta, Z. A. et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 371, 417\u2013440 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13160","volume":"104","author":"ERJ Giugliani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giugliani, E. R. J., Horta, B. L., Loret de Mola, C., Lisboa, B. O. & Victora, C. G. Effect of breastfeeding promotion interventions on child growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 104, 20\u201329 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"5232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.042267","volume":"97","author":"LF Van der Merwe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, L. F. et al. Long-chain PUFA supplementation in rural African infants: a randomized controlled trial of effects on gut integrity, growth, and cognitive development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97, 45\u201357 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR17","first-page":"CD007901","volume":"2015","author":"MF Delgado-Noguera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delgado-Noguera, M. F., Calvache, J. A., Bonfill Cosp, X., Kotanidou, E. P. & Galli-Tsinopoulou, A. Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, CD007901 (2015).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"5232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12282","volume":"12","author":"KG Dewey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dewey, K. G. Reducing stunting by improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in regions such as South Asia: evidence, challenges and opportunities. Matern. Child Nutr. 12, 27\u201338 (2016).","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00414","volume":"6","author":"A Saso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saso, A. et al. Breast milk cytokines and early growth in Gambian infants. Front. Pediatr. 6, 414 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"5232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323204","volume":"20","author":"SH Christensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Christensen, S. H. et al. Cytokines and appetite-regulating hormones in human milk and associations with infant growth across four sites in a longitudinal cohort: the Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality Study. PLoS ONE 20, e0323204 (2025).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199308000-00008","volume":"12","author":"AS Goldman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goldman, A. S. The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12, 664\u2013672 (1993).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"5232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334410395761","volume":"27","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Karmaus, W., Davis, S. & Gangur, V. Immune markers in breast milk and fetal and maternal body fluids: a systematic review of perinatal concentrations. J. Hum. Lact. 27, 171\u2013186 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"5232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2.2.161","volume":"2","author":"WH Oddy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oddy, W. H. Long-term health outcomes and mechanisms associated with breastfeeding. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 2, 161\u2013177 (2002).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"5232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.11.019","volume":"156","author":"R Garofalo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garofalo, R. Cytokines in human milk. J. Pediatr. 156, S36\u2013S40 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"5232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604080","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.604080","volume":"12","author":"LE Carr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carr, L. E. et al. Role of human milk bioactives on infants\u2019 gut and immune health. Front. Immunol. 12, 604080 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"5232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.06.005","volume":"15","author":"SM Reyes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reyes, S. M. et al. Human milk micronutrients and child growth and body composition in the first 2 years: a systematic review. Adv. Nutr. 15, 100082 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00059.x","volume":"7","author":"DA Fields","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fields, D. A. & Demerath, E. W. Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition. Pediatr. Obes. 7, 304\u2013312 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"5232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00720-5","volume":"75","author":"S Enstad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enstad, S. et al. The impact of maternal obesity and breast milk inflammation on developmental programming of infant growth. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 180\u2013188 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24161","volume":"36","author":"HB Ragsdale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ragsdale, H. B., Butler, M. S., Koning, S. M., Bas, I. N. & McDade, T. W. Lower socioeconomic status predicts increased proinflammatory signaling in late pregnancy: evidence from a Filipino Cohort. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 36, e24161 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"5232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215304","volume":"14","author":"SKG Jensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jensen, S. K. G., Tofail, F., Haque, R., Petri, W. A. Jr & Nelson, C. A. III. Child development in the context of biological and psychosocial hazards among poor families in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 14, e0215304 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0518","volume":"92","author":"BD Kirkpatrick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, B. D. et al. The \u201cPerformance of Rotavirus and Oral Polio Vaccines in Developing Countries\u201d (PROVIDE) study: description of methods of an interventional study designed to explore complex biologic problems. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 744\u2013751 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"5232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.09.036","volume":"2","author":"C Naylor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naylor, C. et al. Environmental enteropathy, oral vaccine failure and growth faltering in infants in Bangladesh. EBioMedicine 2, 1759\u20131766 (2015).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"5232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(70)80038-5","volume":"77","author":"LMS Dubowitz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Dubowitz, L. M. S., Dubowitz, V. & Goldberg, C. Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 77, 1\u201310 (1970).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"5232_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80734-9","volume":"95","author":"JL Ballard","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ballard, J. L., Novak, K. K. & Driver, M. A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants. J. Pediatr. 95, 769\u2013774 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"5232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12423","volume":"13","author":"U Nayak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nayak, U. et al. Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low-income families. Matern. Child Nutr. 13, e12423 (2017).","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"5232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072285","volume":"13","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takahashi, T. et al. Probiotic supplementation and human milk cytokine profiles in Japanese women: a retrospective study from an open-label pilot study. Nutrients 13, 2285 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02060B","volume":"14","author":"E Cortes-Macias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cortes-Macias, E. et al. Distinct breast milk microbiota, cytokine, and adipokine profiles are associated with infant growth at 12 months: an in vitro host\u2013microbe interaction mechanistic approach. Food Funct. 14, 148\u2013159 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"5232_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270649","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00696","volume":"8","author":"L Ruiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruiz, L. et al. What\u2019s normal? Immune profiling of human milk from healthy women living in different geographical and socioeconomic settings. Front. Immunol. 8, 270649 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"5232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122001","volume":"10","author":"F Trofin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trofin, F. et al. Cytokines and Chemokines in Breastmilk of SARS-CoV-2 Infected or COVID-19 Vaccinated Mothers. Vaccines 10, 2001 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"5232_CR40","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Anthro for personal computers, version 3.2.2, 2011: software for assessing growth and development of the world\u2019s children (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010)."},{"key":"5232_CR41","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.1.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2022)."},{"key":"5232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"5232_CR43","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.11.2.8. (2021)."},{"key":"5232_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"5232_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000778","volume":"37","author":"B Dawod","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dawod, B., Marshall, J. S. & Azad, M. B. Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 37, 547\u2013556 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"5232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849012","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.849012","volume":"13","author":"GAG Lokossou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lokossou, G. A. G., Kouakanou, L., Schumacher, A. & Zenclussen, A. C. Human breast milk: from food to active immune response with disease protection in infants and mothers. Front. Immunol. 13, 849012 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"5232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2008.00754.x","volume":"20","author":"P Amoudruz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amoudruz, P., Holmlund, U., Schollin, J., Sverremark-Ekstr\u00f6m, E. & Montgomery, S. M. Maternal country of birth and previous pregnancies are associated with breast milk characteristics. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 20, 19\u201329 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"5232_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245016","volume":"15","author":"A Fro\u0144","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fro\u0144, A. & Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz, M. Understanding the immunological quality of breast milk in maternal overweight and obesity. Nutrients 15, 5016 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12050996","volume":"12","author":"D Ramiro-Cortijo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramiro-Cortijo, D. et al. Maternal and neonatal factors modulating breast milk cytokines in the first month of lactation. Antioxidants 12, 996 (2023).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"5232_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161067","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067","volume":"14","author":"V Carlini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carlini, V. et al. The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Front. Immunol. 14, 1161067 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"5232_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5066","volume":"95","author":"C Ram\u00edrez-Santana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Santana, C. et al. Effects of cooling and freezing storage on the stability of bioactive factors in human colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 2319\u20132325 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-05232-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-05232-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-05232-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:04:10Z","timestamp":1782122650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-026-05232-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["5232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-026-05232-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all mothers prior to enrolment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}