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While antiretroviral therapy has reduced vertical transmission rates, the inflammatory response and adverse neurobehavioural outcomes in children are conflicting. Thus, this review aims to synthesise existing evidence between HIV exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in MCE compared to unexposed children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive search was conducted to screen systematic reviews until July of 2025 were investigated, investigating the relationship between HIV exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders. The PECO framework guided eligibility criteria. PubMed, Cochrane and LILACS were used with search strategies based on terms such as\n                      <jats:italic>\u201cInfectious Disease Transmission, Vertical\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\u201cHIV\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\u201cChild Development Disorders, Pervasive\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>\u201cDevelopmental Disabilities\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Data extraction included study characteristics, methodologies, and key findings. Risk of bias was assessed using AMSTAR-2, and Hedge\u2019s g was used in meta-analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review included four articles focusing on motor, cognitive, and language outcomes. MCE children showed no statistical differences with MCU population. Studies in resource-limited settings reported more cognitive, pronounced deficits in MCE children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MCE children show not statistically significant neurodevelopmental outcomes in our meta-analysis. Heterogeneity in assessment tools and limited data on demographic and socioeconomic profile constrain definitive conclusions. Further research addressing confounders is crucial for developing targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study highlights growing evidence on mother-to-child exposure to HIV may have subtle to no neurodevelopmental differences when compared to their unexposed peers, but data are heterogeneous and conflicting.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This underscores the importance of new studies to comprehend and address risk to intervention necessities of Mother-to-child HIV exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-026-05252-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:27:02Z","timestamp":1785835622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mother-to-child HIV exposure and its relation with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1051-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo Freitas","family":"Dantas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Arcoverde de Siqueira Lidin","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur Gabriel Alves","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiana Azevedo","family":"Quagliato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5252_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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