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Here, we developed a bacterial-based adjuvant approach that augments the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy for solid tumor treatment. Our study reveals that intratumor injection of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    MG1655 normalizes tumor vasculatures and reprograms tumor-associated macrophages into M1 phenotype that produce abundant CCL5, together facilitating tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells. The depletion of tumor-associated macrophages or CCL5 neutralization in vivo leads to the significantly decreased solid tumor infiltration of adoptive T cells in the presence of bacteriotherapy. This combinatorial therapy, consisting of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    adjuvant and adoptive T-cell therapy, effectively eradicates early-stage melanoma and inhibits the progression of pancreatic tumors. Notably, this dual strategy also strengthened the distal tumor control capabilities of adoptive T-cell therapy through the induction of in situ tumor vaccination. This dual therapeutic approach involving bacterial therapy targeting the interior of solid tumors and adoptive T-cell therapy attacking the tumor periphery exhibits potent therapeutic efficacy in achieving the eradication of advanced-stage tumors, including melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, by converging attacks from both inside and outside the tumor tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02028-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T19:02:55Z","timestamp":1732215775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Remolding the tumor microenvironment by bacteria augments adoptive T cell therapy in advanced-stage solid tumors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaojie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"En","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2788-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2028_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9189","volume":"368","author":"D Nejman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nejman, D. et al. 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