{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:22:10Z","timestamp":1788434530633,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00599-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T07:05:02Z","timestamp":1611558302000},"page":"328-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and pain intensity in persons with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heleen","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel C. M.","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kopsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke M.","family":"Stolwijk-Sw\u00fcste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel W. M.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"599_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0067","volume":"39","author":"JA Haisma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haisma JA, van der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Post MW, et al. Complications following spinal cord injury: Occurrence and risk factors in a longitudinal study during and after inpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:393\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"599_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31804463e5","volume":"23","author":"MM Wollaars","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wollaars MM, Post MWM, van Asbeck FWA, Brand N. Spinal cord injury pain: the influence of psychologic factors and impact on quality of life. Clin J Pain. 2007;23:383\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"599_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.4","volume":"52","author":"E Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga E, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Bryce TN, Cardenas DD, Finnerup NB, Jensen MP, et al. The international spinal cord injury pain basic data set (version 2.0). Spinal Cord. 2014;52:282\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.51","volume":"51","author":"E Atao\u01e7lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atao\u01e7lu E, Tiftik T, Kara M, Tun\u00e7 H, Ers\u00f6z M, Akku\u015f S. Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:23\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.06.003","volume":"13","author":"K Nicholson Perry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nicholson Perry K, Nicholas MK, Middleton J. Spinal cord injury-related pain in rehabilitation: a cross-sectional study of relationships with cognitions, mood and physical function. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:511\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.06.003.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"599_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.45","volume":"55","author":"K Pollock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pollock K, Dorstyn D, Butt L, Prentice S. Posttraumatic stress following spinal cord injury: a systematic review of risk and vulnerability factors. Spinal Cord. 2017;55:800\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2017.45.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0014-6","volume":"56","author":"H Gruener","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gruener H, Zeilig G, Laufer Y, Blumen N, Defrin R. Increased psychological distress among individuals with spinal cord injury is associated with central neuropathic pain rather than the injury characteristics \/692\/499 \/692\/53\/2422 article. Spinal Cord. 2018;56:176\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-017-0014-6.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.018","volume":"94","author":"PM Ullrich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ullrich PM, Smith BM, Poggensee L, Evans CT, Stroupe KT, Weaver FM, et al. Pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation among operation enduring freedom\/operation iraqi freedom veterans with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:80\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.018.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"599_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370204701004","volume":"47","author":"GJG Asmundson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asmundson GJG, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J. PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:930\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"599_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000159247.48547.7D","volume":"58","author":"TL Holbrook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, Coimbra R, Potenza B, Sise M, Anderson JP, et al. Long-term posttraumatic stress disorder persists after major trauma in adolescents: New data on risk factors and functional outcome. J Trauma. 2005;58:764\u201371.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"599_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1348\/135910708X373445","volume":"14","author":"MB Hatcher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatcher MB, Whitaker C, Karl A. What predicts post-traumatic stress following spinal cord injury? Br J Health Psychol. 2009;14:541\u201361.","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"599_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.021","volume":"93","author":"MC Chung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chung MC, Preveza E, Papandreou K, Prevezas N. The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury and locus of control. J Affect Disord. 2006;93:229\u201332.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"599_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101427","volume":"41","author":"MS Nielsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nielsen MS. Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotional distress in persons with spinal cord lesion. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:296\u2013302.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.063","volume":"232","author":"L Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob L, Haro JM, Koyanagi A. Post-traumatic stress symptoms are associated with physical multimorbidity: findings from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. J Affect Disord. 2018;232:385\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.063.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"599_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0044-0","volume":"56","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xie H, Zhao X. Psychological morbidities and positive psychological outcomes in people with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China. Spinal Cord. 2018;56:704\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-017-0044-0.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9284-8","volume":"21","author":"M Sch\u00f6nenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nenberg M, Reimitz M, Jusyte A, Maier D, Badke A, Hautzinger M. Depression, posttraumatic stress, and risk factors following spinal cord injury. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21:169\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"599_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1803-253","volume":"18","author":"C Otis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Otis C, Marchand A, Courtois F. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18:253\u201363. http:\/\/archive.scijournal.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1310\/sci1803-253.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"599_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1179\/107902611X13186000420242","volume":"34","author":"SC Kirshblum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, Waring W, Biering-Sorensen F, Burns SP, Johansen M, Schmidt-Read M, et al. Reference for the 2011 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34:547\u201354.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"599_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490060405","volume":"6","author":"EB Foa","year":"1993","unstructured":"Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress Vol. 1993;6:459\u201373.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress Vol."},{"key":"599_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20007","volume":"18","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brewin CR. Systematic review of screening instruments for adults at risk of PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18:53\u201362.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"599_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9195-6","volume":"46","author":"AMM Dekkers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dekkers AMM, Olff M, Maring GWB. Identifying persons at risk for PTSD after trauma with TSQ in the Netherlands. Community Ment Health J. 2010;46:20\u20135.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"599_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01466","volume":"7","author":"AM Boonstra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boonstra AM, Stewart RE, Alb\u00e8re AJ, Ren\u00e9 RF, Swaan JL, Schreurs KMG, et al. Cut-offpoints for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the numeric rating scale for pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: variability and influence of sex and catastrophizing. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"599_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scandunavica. 1983;67:361\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scandunavica"},{"key":"599_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.93","volume":"47","author":"BM Sakakibara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakakibara BM, Miller WC, Orenczuk SG, Wolfe DL. A systematic review of depression and anxiety measures used with individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:841\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2009.93.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"599_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"2017","author":"AF Ernst","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ernst AF, Albers CJ. Regression assumptions in clinical psychology research practice-a systematic review of common misconceptions. PeerJ. 2017;2017:1\u201316.","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"599_CR26","unstructured":"Twisk JWR. Inleiding in de toegepaste biostatistiek. Tweed druk. Amsterdam: Reed Bussiness; 2010. p. 335."},{"key":"599_CR27","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second edition. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; 1988."},{"key":"599_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000797","volume":"36","author":"JM G\u00f3mez Penedo","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Penedo JM, Rubel JA, Bl\u00e4ttler L, Schmidt SJ, Stewart J, Egloff N, et al. The complex interplay of pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic pain: a network approach. Clin J Pain. 2020;36:249\u201359.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"599_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.04.0053","volume":"46","author":"M Dijkers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dijkers M, Bryce T, Zanca J. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46:13\u201330.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"599_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00452-9","volume":"103","author":"PJ Siddall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury Philip. Pain. 2003;103:249\u201357.","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"599_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2015.1119966","volume":"39","author":"HF Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell HF, Richardson EJ, Bombardier CH, Dixon TM, Huston TA, Rose J, et al. Professional standards of practice for psychologists, social workers, and counselors in SCI rehabilitation. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39:127\u201345.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"599_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.099234","volume":"200","author":"MJ Nijdam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nijdam MJ, Gersons BPR, Reitsma JB, De Jongh A, Olff M. Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:224\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"599_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-1619-5","volume":"20","author":"JH Hearn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hearn JH, Cross A. Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2020;20:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"599_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.127","volume":"47","author":"R Osterthun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Osterthun R, Post MWM, Van, Asbeck FWA. Characteristics, length of stay and functional outcome of patients with spinal cord injury in Dutch and Flemish rehabilitation centres. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:339\u201344.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-020-00599-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-020-00599-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-020-00599-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T21:38:49Z","timestamp":1684618729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-020-00599-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-020-00599-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-4393","1476-5624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}