{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:35:03Z","timestamp":1764333303069,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021529","name":"Prince of Wales Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021529","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our primary study showed that increasing inspiratory muscle strength with training in people with chronic (&gt;1 year) tetraplegia corresponded with reduced sensations of breathlessness when inspiration was loaded. This study investigated whether respiratory muscle training also affected the respiratory sensations for load detection and magnitude perception.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Independent research institute in Sydney, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thirty-two adults with chronic tetraplegia participated in a 6-week, supervised training protocol. The active group trained the inspiratory muscles through progressive threshold loading. The sham group performed the same protocol with a fixed threshold load (3.6\u2009cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O). Primary measures were load detection threshold and perceived magnitudes of six suprathreshold loads reported using the modified Borg scale.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Maximal inspiratory pressure (P<jats:sc>i<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) increased by 32% (95%\u00a0CI, 18\u201345) in the active group with no change in the sham group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u00a00.51). The training intervention did not affect detection thresholds in the active (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u00a00.24) or sham (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u00a00.77) group, with similar overall decreases in Borg rating of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.49\u20131.17) in active and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.32\u20131.12) in sham group. Increased inspiratory muscle strength reduced slope magnitude between Borg rating and peak inspiratory pressure (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u00a00.003), but not when pressure was divided by P<jats:sc>i<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> to reflect contraction intensity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u00a00.92).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Training reduces the sensitivity of load sensations for a given change in pressure but not for a given change in contraction intensity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-023-00920-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1692205377000},"page":"505-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of respiratory muscle training on load sensations in people with chronic tetraplegia: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy L.","family":"Luu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. H. Chaminda","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4922-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L.","family":"Boswell-Ruys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"920_CR1","first-page":"121","volume":"134","author":"M Estenne","year":"1986","unstructured":"Estenne M, De, Troyer A. The effects of tetraplegia on chest wall statics. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:121\u20134.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"920_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.615","volume":"139","author":"PD Scanlon","year":"1989","unstructured":"Scanlon PD, Loring SH, Pichurko BM, McCool FD, Slutsky AS, Sarkarati M, et al. Respiratory mechanics in acute quadriplegia. Lung and chest wall compliance and dimensional changes during respiratory maneuvers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139:615\u201320.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"920_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213917","volume":"75","author":"CL Boswell-Ruys","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boswell-Ruys CL, Lewis CRH, Wijeysuriya NS, McBain RA, Lee BB, McKenzie DK, et al. Impact of respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength, respiratory function and quality of life in individuals with tetraplegia: a randomised clinical trial. Thorax. 2020;75:279\u201388.","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"920_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04818","volume":"61","author":"AM Raab","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raab AM, Krebs J, Perret C, Michel F, Hopman MT, Mueller G. Maximum inspiratory pressure is a discriminator of pneumonia in individuals with spinal-cord injury. Respir Care. 2016;61:1636\u201343.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"920_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00007","volume":"32","author":"BA Kellerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kellerman BA, Martin AD, Davenport PW. Inspiratory strengthening effect on resistive load detection and magnitude estimation. 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Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2020;281:103490.","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"920_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","volume":"14","author":"GA Borg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14:377\u201381.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"920_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9803108","volume":"158","author":"PR Eastwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eastwood PR, Hillman DR, Morton AR, Finucane KE. The effects of learning on the ventilatory responses to inspiratory threshold loading. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1190\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"920_CR17","first-page":"1216","volume":"54","author":"DG Stubbing","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stubbing DG, Ramsdale EH, Killian KJ, Campbell EJ. 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This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). Informed consent was obtained in writing prior to enrolment in the study. In the case of a participant with impaired hand function, a family member or independent third party was present to witness and provide written confirmation of verbal consent. We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}