{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:08:27Z","timestamp":1792112907742,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-026-01177-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T17:34:22Z","timestamp":1771695262000},"page":"669-677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nanoformulated fingolimod attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Hussein","family":"M. Alsharbaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem S.","family":"Alazragi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siba","family":"Mekaael yaseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday Abdul-Reda","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Mudhafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9193-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan Ali","family":"Alsailawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.12.012","volume":"180","author":"Y Norimatsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norimatsu Y, Ohmori T, Kimura A, Madoiwa S, Mimuro J, Seichi A, et al. FTY720 improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by primarily nonimmunomodulatory mechanisms. Am J Pathol. 2012;180:1625\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0840","volume":"26","author":"KD Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee KD, Chow WN, Sato-Bigbee C, Graf MR, Graham RS, Colello RJ, et al. FTY720 reduces inflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26:2335\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR3","unstructured":"Chen Y, Liu R, Cai W, Jiang L, Chen K, Shi J, et al. Davunetide promotes structural and functional recovery of the injured spinal cord by promoting autophagy. Neural Regen Res. 2025;1:10\u20134103."},{"key":"1177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.050269","volume":"56","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, He K, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Feng D, Wang J, et al. fNIRS biomarkers for stratifying poststroke cognitive impairment: Evidence from frontal and temporal cortex activation. Stroke. 2025;56:3245\u201356.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.491610","volume":"14","author":"G Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu G, Huo C, Yin J, Zhong Y, Sun G, Fan Y, et al. Test-retest reliability of fNIRS in resting-state cortical activity and brain network assessment in stroke patients. Biomed Opt Express. 2023;14:4217\u201336.","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"1177_CR6","first-page":"485","volume":"14","author":"S Shirzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shirzad S, Riyahi Rad M, Rezaei M, Tayaranian Marvian M, Abroumand Gholami A, Forouzanfar F, et al. Effect of pretreatment with Devil\u2019s Claw on locomotor activity, infarct volume, and neuronal density in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Avicenna J Phytomedicine. 2024;14:485\u201395.","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4103\/RPS.RPS_24_23","volume":"19","author":"N Forghani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forghani N, Hosseinian S, Akhoond-Ali Z, Gholami AA, Assaran-Darban R, Vafaee F. Effect of acute and chronic stress on memory impairment and hippocampal oxidative stress following global cerebral ischemia in adult male rats. Res Pharm Sci. 2024;19:436\u201346.","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109602","volume":"151","author":"AA Asadi-Pooya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asadi-Pooya AA, Malekpour M, Taherifard E, Mallahzadeh A, Kouhanjani MF. Coexistence of temporal lobe epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2024;151:109602.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"1177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1116892","volume":"14","author":"M Malekpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malekpour M, Jafari A, Kashkooli M, Salarikia SR, Negahdaripour M. A systems biology approach for discovering the cellular and molecular aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1116892.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1177_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. WHO. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/spinal-cord-injury."},{"key":"1177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abroumand Gholami A, Tahmasebi F, Haghir H, Babaloo H. Targeting JAK\/STAT signaling pathway by curcumin: Implications for spinal cord injury neuroprotection. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33:1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01884-x"},{"key":"1177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkac054","volume":"11","author":"Y Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin Y, Song Y, Lin J, Liu T, Li G, Lai B, et al. Role of inflammation in neurological damage and regeneration following spinal cord injury and its therapeutic implications. Burn Trauma. 2023;11:tkac054.","journal-title":"Burn Trauma"},{"key":"1177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01519-9","volume":"44","author":"M Bhatt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhatt M, Sharma M, Das B. The role of inflammatory cascade and reactive astrogliosis in glial scar formation post-spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2024;44:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirzad S, Tayaranian Marvian M, Abroumand Gholami A, Gharehbaghi M, Marefati N, Salmani H, et al. Unveiling the effects of left hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage on long-term potentiation and inflammation in the bilateral hippocampus: A preclinical study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis [Internet]. 2024;33:107523. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S105230572300544X.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107523"},{"key":"1177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13577","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413577","volume":"22","author":"N Lukacova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lukacova N, Kisucka A, Kiss Bimbova K, Bacova M, Ileninova M, Kuruc T, et al. Glial-neuronal interactions in pathogenesis and treatment of spinal cord injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:13577.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02824-z","volume":"11","author":"S Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu S, Wang J, Jiang J, Song J, Zhu W, Zhang F, et al. TLR4 promotes microglial pyroptosis via lncRNA-F630028O10Rik by activating PI3K\/AKT pathway after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:693.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1177_CR17","first-page":"197","volume":"10","author":"A Abroumand Gholami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abroumand Gholami A, Gheybi F, Molavi AM, Tahmasebi F, Papi A, Babaloo H. Effect of polycaprolactone\/carbon nanotube scaffold implantation along with liposomal ellagic acid in hippocampal synaptogenesis after spinal cord injury. Nanomedicine J [Internet]. 2023;10:197\u2013209. Available from: https:\/\/nmj.mums.ac.ir\/article_22560.html.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine J [Internet]"},{"key":"1177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.07.044","volume":"583","author":"H Babaloo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Babaloo H, Barati S, Haghir H, Gholami AA, Moharreri P, Fallahnezhad S, et al. The effect of PU\/MWCNT nanofiber scaffolds containing hesperidin nanoparticles and mesenchymal stem cells on the microglia and astrocyte phenotype in the spinal cord injury model. Neuroscience. 2025;583:53\u201362.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.074","volume":"35","author":"W Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu W, Lee SY, Wu X, Tyler JY, Wang H, Ouyang Z, et al. Neuroprotective ferulic acid (FA)\u2013glycol chitosan (GC) nanoparticles for functional restoration of traumatically injured spinal cord. Biomaterials. 2014;35:2355\u201364.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"1177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176759","volume":"978","author":"GJ Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou GJ, Chen ZR, Wang XQ, Cui YH, Li F, Li CQ, et al. Microglial activation in the medial prefrontal cortex after remote fear recall participates in the regulation of auditory fear extinction. Eur J Pharmacol [Internet]. 2024;978:176759. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0014299924004473.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol [Internet]"},{"key":"1177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.810572","volume":"13","author":"WJ Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng WJ, Zhang L, Cao H, Li D, Zhang H, Xia Z, et al. A novel inflammation-related lncRNAs prognostic signature identifies LINC00346 in promoting proliferation, migration, and immune infiltration of glioma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:810572.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26287","volume":"233","author":"K Mortezaee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mortezaee K, Khanlarkhani N, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Inflammasome: its role in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:5160\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0980-9","volume":"14","author":"W Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang W, Li M, He F, Zhou S, Zhu L. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome to attenuate spinal cord injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141921","volume":"42","author":"AK Mankan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mankan AK, Dau T, Jenne D, Hornung V. The NLRP3\/ASC\/Caspase\u20101 axis regulates IL\u20101\u03b2 processing in neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2012;42:710\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"1177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1522146","volume":"16","author":"J Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo J, Li X, Zhang L, Deng M, Zhao J, Zhang J, et al. 5-deoxy-rutaecarpine protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-related inflammation. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1522146.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8257","volume":"36","author":"A Dominic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dominic A, Le NT, Takahashi M. Loop between NLRP3 inflammasome and reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2022;36:784\u201396.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"1177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.02.007","volume":"20","author":"TM Doyle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doyle TM, Chen Z, Durante M, Salvemini D. Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in the spinal cord produces mechanohypersensitivity through the activation of inflammasome and IL-1\u03b2 pathway. J pain. 2019;20:956\u201364.","journal-title":"J pain"},{"key":"1177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18629","volume":"535","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhang Z, Ruan J, Pan Y, Magupalli VG, Wu H, et al. Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores. Nature. 2016;535:153\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-020-00316-1","volume":"20","author":"P Bascu\u00f1ana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bascu\u00f1ana P, M\u00f6hle L, Brackhan M, Pahnke J. Fingolimod as a treatment in neurologic disorders beyond multiple sclerosis. Drugs R D. 2020;20:197\u2013207.","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"1177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200100","volume":"10","author":"S Malhotra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malhotra S, Hurtado-Navarro L, Pappolla A, Villar LMM, R\u00edo J, Montalban X, et al. Increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in patients with multiple sclerosis with fingolimod treatment failure. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. 2023;10:e200100.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666161104163031","volume":"16","author":"A Leo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leo A, Citraro R, Marra R, Palma E, Donato Di Paola E, Constanti A, et al. The sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathway in epilepsy: A possible role for the immunomodulator drug fingolimod in epilepsy treatment. CNS Neurol Disord Targets-CNS Neurol Disord. 2017;16:311\u201325.","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Targets-CNS Neurol Disord"},{"key":"1177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001106","volume":"159","author":"S Doolen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doolen S, Iannitti T, Donahue RR, Shaw BC, Grachen CM, Taylor BK. Fingolimod reduces neuropathic pain behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1-dependent inhibition of central sensitization in the dorsal horn. Pain. 2018;159:224\u201338.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5703426","volume":"2022","author":"D Poormoghadam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poormoghadam D, Shiadeh BR, Azedi F, Tavakol H, Rezayat SM, Tavakol S. Fingolimod nanoemulsions at different particle sizes define the fate of spinal cord injury recovery. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:5703426.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0387","volume":"40","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen Y, Hu X, Ouyang F, Li J, Huang J, et al. Fingolimod (FTY720) hinders Interferon-\u03b3-mediated fibrotic scar formation and facilitates neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2023;40:2580\u201395.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15391","volume":"54","author":"Z Zeraatpisheh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeraatpisheh Z, Mirzaei E, Nami M, Alipour H, Mahdavipour M, Sarkoohi P, et al. Local delivery of fingolimod through PLGA nanoparticles and PuraMatrix\u2010embedded neural precursor cells promote motor function recovery and tissue repair in spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;54:5620\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"1177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6952","volume":"39","author":"ER Gillespie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gillespie ER, Ruitenberg MJ. Neuroinflammation after SCI: current insights and therapeutic potential of intravenous immunoglobulin. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39:320\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e685","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.179","volume":"5","author":"P Efstathopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Efstathopoulos P, Kourgiantaki A, Karali K, Sidiropoulou K, Margioris AN, Gravanis A, et al. Fingolimod induces neurogenesis in adult mouse hippocampus and improves contextual fear memory. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e685\u2013e685.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17801","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA01717H","volume":"9","author":"W Kong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kong W, Qi Z, Xia P, Chang Y, Li H, Qu Y, et al. Local delivery of FTY720 and NSCs on electrospun PLGA scaffolds improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. RSC Adv. 2019;9:17801\u201311.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"1177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00349","volume":"5","author":"RR Miranda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miranda RR, Ferreira NN, de Souza EE, Lins PMP, Ferreira LMB, Kruger A, et al. Modulating Fingolimod (FTY720) anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using a PLGA-based drug delivery system. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2022;5:3371\u201383.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"1177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5715","volume":"33","author":"H Alipour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alipour H, Alizadeh A, Azarpira N, Saudi A, Alavi O, Tanideh N, et al. Incorporating fingolimod through poly (lactic\u2010co\u2010glycolic acid) nanoparticles in electrospun polyurethane\/polycaprolactone\/gelatin scaffold: An in vitro study for nerve tissue engineering. Polym Adv Technol. 2022;33:2589\u2013600.","journal-title":"Polym Adv Technol"},{"key":"1177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00182-4","volume":"15","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun J, Chen Q, Zhuang C, Li X, Yu L, Jin W. Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling. Sci Rep. 2025;15:15631.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1235552","volume":"2023","author":"R He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He R, He F, Hu Z, He Y, Zeng X, Liu Y, et al. Analysis of potential mechanism of herbal formula Taohong Siwu decoction against vascular dementia based on network Pharmacology and molecular docking. Biomed Res Int. 2023;2023:1235552.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Q, Hu T, Xu L, Fu J, Fang Y, Lan Y, et al. Fingolimod suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviates oxidative stress in traumatic brain injury-Induced acute lung injury. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:2229\u201345.","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S503428"},{"key":"1177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118582","volume":"263","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y, Gan X, Zhou H, Zhou H, Pu S, Long X, et al. Fingolimod suppressed the chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors via affecting microglial and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Life Sci. 2020;263:118582.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1177_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2016.1208296","volume":"33","author":"N Bahari Javan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahari Javan N, Rezaie Shirmard L, Jafary Omid N, Akbari Javar H, Rafiee Tehrani M, Abedin Dorkoosh F. Preparation, statistical optimisation and in vitro characterisation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)\/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) blend nanoparticles for prolonged delivery of teriparatide. J Microencapsul. 2016;33:460\u201374.","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"1177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3875","volume":"32","author":"B Khuyagbaatar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khuyagbaatar B, Kim K, Kim YH. Conversion equation between the drop height in the New York University impactor and the impact force in the infinite horizon impactor in the contusion spinal cord injury model. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1987\u201393.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1","volume":"12","author":"DM Basso","year":"1995","unstructured":"Basso DM, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4918-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"DP Stirling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stirling DP, Liu S, Kubes P, Yong VW. Depletion of Ly6G\/Gr-1 leukocytes after spinal cord injury in mice alters wound healing and worsens neurological outcome. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2009;29:753\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"1177_CR49","first-page":"169","volume":"41","author":"B Unal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Unal B, Kaplan S, Odaci E, Aslan H, Aksak S, Unal D, et al. Neuroprotective effects of methylprednisolone and hypothermia after experimental spinal cord injury: A histopathological and stereological study. Eurasian J Med. 2009;41:169\u201374.","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"key":"1177_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2017.0001","volume":"55","author":"WS Ramadan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramadan WS, Abdel-Hamid GA, Al-Karim S, Abbas AT. Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of secondary compressed spinal cord injury in a rat model. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2017;55:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"key":"1177_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4498","volume":"34","author":"A Ulndreaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ulndreaj A, Tzekou A, Mothe AJ, Siddiqui AM, Dragas R, Tator CH, et al. Characterization of the antibody response after cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:1209\u201326.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1177_CR52","first-page":"6117","volume":"13","author":"W Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi W, Sun Y, Wang J, Tang Y, Zhou S, Xu Z, et al. Trem1 mediates neuronal apoptosis via interaction with SYK after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13:6117.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"1177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.001","volume":"317","author":"SS Andrabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrabi SS, Yang J, Gao Y, Kuang Y, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticles with antioxidant enzymes protect injured spinal cord from neuronal cell apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Control Release. 2020;317:300\u201311.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"1177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.2009937","volume":"28","author":"M Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang M, Bai Y, Xu C, Lin J, Jin J, Xu A, et al. Novel optimized drug delivery systems for enhancing spinal cord injury repair in rats. Drug Deliv. 2021;28:2548\u201361.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"1177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19799-6","volume":"15","author":"P Moharreri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moharreri P, Molavi AM, Abroumand Gholami A, Rahmani S, Mokhtari T, Gheybi F, et al. In vitro evaluation of bioactive PCL\/alginate fibers with controlled liposomal silymarin release for mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Sci Rep. 2025;15:35738.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abroumand Gholami A, Molavi AM, Omrannezhad M, Mokhtari T, Rahmani S, Moharreri P, et al. Enhancing neural stem cell proliferation using Polyurethane\/CNT scaffolds functionalized with liposomal hesperidin for neural tissue engineering. Nano Sel. 2025;7:e70103.","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.70103"},{"key":"1177_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rad AR, Mokhtari T, Amirazodi E, Molavi AM, Moghadam FM, Oskuee RK, et al. Hippocampal synaptic markers and cognitive recovery in spinal cord injury: the therapeutic potential of neural stem cell-laden carbon nanotube-based fiber scaffolds with liposomal hesperidin. Res Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2025;20. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/rips\/fulltext\/2025\/09000\/hippocampal_synaptic_markers_and_cognitive.10.aspx.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.173920685.57336319\/v1"},{"key":"1177_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.11.025","volume":"112","author":"Q Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong Q, Song H, Chi NTL, Brindhadevi K. Numerous nanoparticles as drug delivery system to control secondary immune response and promote spinal cord injury regeneration. Process Biochem. 2022;112:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Process Biochem"},{"key":"1177_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3776","volume":"12","author":"S Mura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat Mater. 2013;12:991\u20131003.","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"1177_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.044","volume":"235","author":"C Saraiva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saraiva C, Pra\u00e7a C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: Overcoming blood\u2013brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Control release. 2016;235:34\u201347.","journal-title":"J Control release"},{"key":"1177_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-76","volume":"8","author":"SJ Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson SJ, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1177_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132058","volume":"11","author":"G\u00c1 Bravo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bravo G\u00c1, Cede\u00f1o RR, Casadevall MP, Rami\u00f3-Torrent\u00e0 L. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P signaling pathway modulators, from current insights to future perspectives. Cells. 2022;11:2058.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1177_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13596","volume":"22","author":"Y Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong Y, Guo R, Ji J, Cao L, Zhang L, Chen Z, et al. S1 PR 3 is essential for phosphorylated fingolimod to protect astrocytes against oxygen\u2010glucose deprivation\u2010induced neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR 2\/4\u2010NF \u03baB signalling. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22:3159\u201366.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"1177_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1761-4","volume":"10","author":"L Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun L, Ma W, Gao W, Xing Y, Chen L, Xia Z, et al. Propofol directly induces caspase-1-dependent macrophage pyroptosis through the NLRP3-ASC inflammasome. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:542.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1177_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X25000161","volume":"99","author":"AA Khatir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khatir AA, Abbasi A, Sarandili S, Sepidarkish M, Fazlollahpour-Naghibi A, Arjmandi D, et al. The association between Parkinson disease and Toxocara infection\/exposure: A case-control study. J Helminthol. 2025;99:e40.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"1177_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.2024.6859.1","volume":"16","author":"A Moarrefzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moarrefzadeh A, Sarandili S, Motamed-Gorji N, Majdolashrafi F, Bahardoust M, Mousavi S, et al. Predictors of quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A multicenter case-control study. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2025;16:667.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1177_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2965","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2965","volume":"13","author":"Y Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng Y, Feng F, Pan S, Zhang J, Li W. Fingolimod ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune neuritis by modulating inflammatory cytokines and Akt\/mTOR\/NF\u2010\u03baB signaling. Brain Behav. 2023;13:e2965.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"1177_CR68","first-page":"7260","volume":"14","author":"H Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo H, Gu X, Tong G, Han L. Research progress of apelin in acute ischemic brain injury. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:7260.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01177-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01177-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01177-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:02:23Z","timestamp":1785924143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01177-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-026-01177-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-4393","1476-5624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of AlSafwa University College, Karbala, Iraq (Approval No. H15REA195).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}