{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:17:49Z","timestamp":1783498669845,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (22ZYYJQ01)."},{"name":"Talent Introduction and Doctoral Startup Foundation of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital"},{"name":"Youth Foundation of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-026-01213-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1777937976000},"page":"643-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bibliometric analysis of research on spinal cord injury and functional electrical stimulation: trends and frontiers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Hongpeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1635-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangzhi","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1213_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","volume":"39","author":"I Eli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eli I, Lerner DP, Ghogawala Z. Acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Neurol Clin. 2021;39:471\u201388.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"1213_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","volume":"21","author":"A Anjum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anjum A, Yazid MD, Fauzi Daud M, Idris J, Ng AMH, Selvi Naicker A, et al. Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:7533.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1213_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","volume":"359","author":"JW McDonald","year":"2002","unstructured":"McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal-cord injury. Lancet. 2002;359:417\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1213_CR4","first-page":"173","volume":"2","author":"H Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong H, Wang H, Huang B, Liu S, Song Z, Tang Y, et al. Current frontier technologies in spinal cord injury research: a narrative review. Adv Technol Neurosci. 2025;2:173\u201386.","journal-title":"Adv Technol Neurosci"},{"key":"1213_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-012-0249-7","volume":"4","author":"WM Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan WM, Mohammed Y, Lee I, Pearse DD. Effect of gender on recovery after spinal cord injury. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4:447\u201361.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"1213_CR6","first-page":"36","volume":"2","author":"X Zha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zha X. Challenges and opportunities for repairing the injured spinal cord: inflammation, regeneration, and functional reconstruction. Regenerative Med Rep. 2025;2:36\u201344.","journal-title":"Regenerative Med Rep"},{"key":"1213_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00792","volume":"21","author":"M Zhou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou M, Xu Z, Zhong H, Ning G, Feng S. Spinal cord injury and inflammatory mediators: role in \u201cfire barrier\u201d formation and potential for neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res. 2026;21:923\u201337.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1213_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2017","volume":"98","author":"AP Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The biology of regeneration failure and success after spinal cord injury. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:881\u2013917.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1213_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0631-6","volume":"15","author":"MB Orr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orr MB, Gensel JC. Spinal cord injury scarring and inflammation: therapies targeting glial and inflammatory responses. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15:541\u201353.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1213_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2023.10.001","volume":"35","author":"AM Hersh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hersh AM, Weber-Levine C, Jiang K, Theodore N. Spinal cord injury: emerging technologies. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2024;35:243\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"1213_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1884","volume":"361","author":"LL Cai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cai LL, Courtine G, Fong AJ, Burdick JW, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Plasticity of functional connectivity in the adult spinal cord. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:1635\u201346.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1213_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.07.025","volume":"60","author":"KD Atkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atkins KD, Bickel CS. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on muscle health after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2021;60:226\u201331.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1213_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149024","volume":"11","author":"MO Ibitoye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibitoye MO, Hamzaid NA, Hasnan N, Abdul Wahab AK, Davis GM. Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during FES exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0149024.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1213_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30287-4","volume":"17","author":"ND James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James ND, McMahon SB, Field-Fote EC, Bradbury EJ. Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:905\u201317.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1213_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093150","volume":"12","author":"DR Dolbow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Johnston TE, Bersch I. Electrical stimulation exercise for people with spinal cord injury: a healthcare provider perspective. J Clin Med. 2023;12:3150.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1213_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.158","volume":"52","author":"J Crosbie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crosbie J, Tanhoffer AI, Fornusek C. FES assisted standing in people with incomplete spinal cord injury: a single case design series. Spinal Cord. 2014;52:251\u20134.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1213_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2816238","volume":"26","author":"EF Hodkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hodkin EF, Lei Y, Humby J, Glover IS, Choudhury S, Kumar H, et al. Automated FES for upper limb rehabilitation following stroke and spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26:1067\u201374.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1213_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00084","volume":"29","author":"G Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh G, Lucas K, Keller A, Martin R, Behrman A, Vissarionov S, et al. Transcutaneous spinal stimulation from adults to children: a review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2023;29:16\u201332.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"1213_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133670","volume":"11","author":"R Siu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siu R, Brown EH, Mesbah S, Gonnelli F, Pisolkar T, Edgerton VR, et al. Novel noninvasive spinal neuromodulation strategy facilitates recovery of stepping after motor complete paraplegia. J Clin Med. 2022;11:3670.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1213_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0326-y","volume":"14","author":"J McDaniel","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDaniel J, Lombardo LM, Foglyano KM, Marasco PD, Triolo RJ. Setting the pace: insights and advancements gained while preparing for an FES bike race. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017;14:118.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1213_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.03.007","volume":"28","author":"LA Leapo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leapo LA, Miller ME, Hoyen HA, Pinault GC, Triolo RJ. Implanted pulse generators in lower extremity neuroprostheses: a 25-Year review. Neuromodulation. 2025;28:331\u201340.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"1213_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00720-3","volume":"17","author":"MJ Freeberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freeberg MJ, Pinault GCJ, Tyler DJ, Triolo RJ, Ansari R. Chronic nerve health following implantation of femoral nerve cuff electrodes. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17:95.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1213_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286205","volume":"603","author":"G Balbinot","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balbinot G, Milosevic M, Morshead CM, Iwasa SN, Zariffa J, Milosevic L, et al. The mechanisms of electrical neuromodulation. J Physiol. 2025;603:247\u201384.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1213_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310392924","volume":"25","author":"MR Popovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Popovic MR, Kapadia N, Zivanovic V, Furlan JC, Craven BC, McGillivray C. Functional electrical stimulation therapy of voluntary grasping versus only conventional rehabilitation for patients with subacute incomplete tetraplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25:433\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"1213_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8","volume":"18","author":"JW van der Scheer","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2021;18:99.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1213_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01340-8","volume":"1","author":"NM Cannon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cannon NM, Strickland JW. Therapy following flexor tendon surgery. Hand Clin. 1985;1:147\u201365.","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"1213_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60547-3","volume":"377","author":"S Harkema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harkema S, Gerasimenko Y, Hodes J, Burdick J, Angeli C, Chen Y, et al. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011;377:1938\u201347.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1213_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000831","volume":"130","author":"AM Alazzam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alazzam AM, Alrubaye MW, Goldsmith JA, Gorgey AS. Trends in measuring BMR and RMR after spinal cord injury: a comprehensive review. Br J Nutr. 2023;130:1720\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1213_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.09.004","volume":"103","author":"AH Bekhet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bekhet AH, Jahan AM, Bochkezanian V, Musselman KE, Elsareih AA, Gorgey AS. Effects of electrical stimulation training on body composition parameters after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103:1168\u201378.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1213_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2","volume":"563","author":"FB Wagner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wagner FB, Mignardot JB, Le Goff-Mignardot CG, Demesmaeker R, Komi S, Capogrosso M, et al. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature. 2018;563:65\u201371.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1213_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803588","volume":"379","author":"CA Angeli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angeli CA, Boakye M, Morton RA, Vogt J, Benton K, Chen Y, et al. Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1244\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1213_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0248-7","volume":"24","author":"ML Gill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gill ML, Grahn PJ, Calvert JS, Linde MB, Lavrov IA, Strommen JA, et al. Publisher Correction: Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia. Nat Med. 2018;24:1942.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1213_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-025-01085-x","volume":"63","author":"RY Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim RY, Biller OM, Mulcahey MJ. Evaluating therapeutic effects of exoskeletons and FES in SCI: integrative review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2025;63:323\u201332.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1213_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29032.x","volume":"29","author":"U Carraro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carraro U, Rossini K, Mayr W, Kern H. Muscle fiber regeneration in human permanent lower motoneuron denervation: relevance to safety and effectiveness of FES-training, which induces muscle recovery in SCI subjects. Artif Organs. 2005;29:187\u201391.","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"1213_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00607","volume":"11","author":"LD Duffell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duffell LD, Donaldson NN. A comparison of FES and SCS for neuroplastic recovery after SCI: historical perspectives and future directions. Front Neurol. 2020;11:607.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1213_CR36","volume":"16","author":"AK Kanakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanakis AK, Benetos IS, Evangelopoulos DS, Vlamis J, Vasiliadis ES, Kotroni A, et al. Electrical stimulation and motor function rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Cureus. 2024;16:e61436.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1213_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-019-08589-9","volume":"22","author":"S Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo S, Xu H, Zuo Y, Liu X, All AH. A review of functional electrical stimulation treatment in spinal cord injury. Neuromolecular Med. 2020;22:447\u201363.","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"1213_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","volume":"25","author":"CH Ho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho CH, Triolo RJ, Elias AL, Kilgore KL, DiMarco AF, Bogie K, et al. Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25:631\u201354.","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"1213_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071627","volume":"17","author":"NZ Mohamad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohamad NZ, Hamzaid NA, Davis GM, Abdul Wahab AK, Hasnan N. Mechanomyography and torque during FES-Evoked muscle contractions to fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury. Sensors. 2017;17:1627.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1213_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.31","volume":"54","author":"EJ McCaughey","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCaughey EJ, Borotkanics RJ, Gollee H, Folz RJ, McLachlan AJ. Abdominal functional electrical stimulation to improve respiratory function after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2016;54:628\u201339.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1213_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31180-1","volume":"16","author":"A Demofonti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demofonti A, Cordella F, Scotto di Luzio F, Iannelli V, Zollo L. A kinematic-and-muscular modulation strategy for FES-assisted upper limb rehabilitation: a feasibility study. Sci Rep. 2025;16:1668.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1213_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.15050","volume":"49","author":"EL McNicol","year":"2025","unstructured":"McNicol EL, Osuagwu B, Purcell M, McCaughey EJ, Lincoln C, Cope L, et al. Neurophysiological effect of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation in chronic complete spinal cord injury. Artif Organs. 2025;49:1765\u201386.","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"1213_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98755-w","volume":"15","author":"N Bleichner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bleichner N, Heitzmann DWW, Raynaud J, Stahle A, Weichold C, Alimusaj M, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on cognition rate and gait in neurological patients during single- and dual-task walking. Sci Rep. 2025;15:13557.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1213_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102091","volume":"46","author":"KT Ragnarsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ragnarsson KT. Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal Cord. 2008;46:255\u201374.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1213_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.756200","volume":"12","author":"CY Fang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang CY, Lien AS, Tsai JL, Yang HC, Chan HL, Chen RS, et al. The effect and dose-response of functional electrical stimulation cycling training on spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2021;12:756200.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1213_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000263","volume":"37","author":"N Kapadia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapadia N, Masani K, Catharine Craven B, Giangregorio LM, Hitzig SL, Richards K, et al. A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: effects on walking competency. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37:511\u201324.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"1213_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417699554","volume":"23","author":"PK Shah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah PK, Lavrov I. Spinal epidural stimulation strategies: clinical implications of locomotor studies in spinal rats. Neuroscientist. 2017;23:664\u201380.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1213_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3234580","volume":"31","author":"G Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao G, Zhou Z, Su H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang C, et al. A fully implantable and programmable epidural spinal cord stimulation system for rats with spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023;31:818\u201328.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1213_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.313017","volume":"16","author":"EH Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi EH, Gattas S, Brown NJ, Hong JD, Limbo JN, Chan AY, et al. Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2021;16:2367\u201375.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1213_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","volume":"539","author":"M Capogrosso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capogrosso M, Milekovic T, Borton D, Wagner F, Moraud EM, Mignardot JB, et al. A brain-spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates. Nature. 2016;539:284\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1213_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12600","volume":"20","author":"MG Taverner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taverner MG, Monagle JP. Three-Dimensional printing: an aid to epidural access for neuromodulation. Neuromodulation. 2017;20:622\u20136.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"1213_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.770274","volume":"9","author":"B Habelt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Habelt B, Wirth C, Afanasenkau D, Mihaylova L, Winter C, Arvaneh M, et al. A multimodal neuroprosthetic interface to record, modulate and classify electrophysiological biomarkers relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:770274.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"1213_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32609","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Nie Y, Quan Z, Zhang H, Song R, Feng H, et al. Brain-machine interactive neuromodulation research tool with edge AI computing. Heliyon. 2024;10:e32609.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1213_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13403","volume":"25","author":"JC Furlan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furlan JC, Pakosh M, Craven BC, Popovic MR. Insights on the potential mechanisms of action of functional electrical stimulation therapy in combination with task-specific training: a scoping review. Neuromodulation. 2022;25:1280\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01213-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01213-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01213-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:03:28Z","timestamp":1783497808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-026-01213-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-026-01213-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-4393","1476-5624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors approved the final manuscript and agreed to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}