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These studies included patients aged \u2265 16 years with cSCI and no pre-existing oropharyngeal dysphagia or oesophageal dysphagia. Following standard Cochrane review methodology, two reviewers screened the search results and the full text papers of potentially relevant studies independently and then assessed methodological quality using Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). The certainty of evidence was appraised using Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluations (GRADE). Data were extracted using a piloted tool. Meta-analysis for each risk factor was conducted using RevMan, pooling Odds Ratios (ORs) from multivariate and univariate models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighteen studies (2, 258 participants) were included. Our meta-analyses suggested that three risk factors had significant associations with dysphagia in cSCI: tracheostomy (OR\u2009=\u20094.91, 95% CI: 1.74 to 13.86,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003); being male (OR\u2009=\u20091.95, 95% CI:1.32 to 2.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0009) and combined anterior-posterior surgery (OR\u2009=\u20091.77, 95% CI: 1.17 to 2.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Other risk factors with promising but limited data included nasogastric tube presence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is very low certainty evidence that the risk factor groups of tracheostomy, male gender and combined anterior-posterior neck surgery can predict dysphagia in cSCI. More robust and large-scale research with standardised outcome measures is required to explore the independent prognostic factors of dysphagia in cSCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-026-01258-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:51:20Z","timestamp":1787745080000},"page":"865-873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors associated with dysphagia for people with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (cSCI): A Systematic review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7534-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Leigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6787-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"McRae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1258_CR1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"K Margetis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Margetis K, Das JM, Emmady PD. 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