{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:49:05Z","timestamp":1793407745069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord Ser Cases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Longitudinal observational study. Measurements were undertaken between weeks 4\u20136 post-spinal cord injury (SCI), repeated at week 8 and every 4 weeks thereafter until week 20 or rehabilitation discharge, whichever occurred first.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Observe variation in measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in males undergoing SCI rehabilitation, compare REE with SCI-specific prediction equations incorporating fat-free mass (FFM), and explore the prevalence of clinical factors that may influence individual REE.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Spinal Injuries Unit, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Indirect calorimetry was used to measure REE and bioimpedance spectroscopy to assess body composition. Four SCI-specific FFM-based REE and basal metabolic rate (BMR) prediction equations were compared to measured REE. A clinically significant change in REE was defined as +\/\u2212 10% difference from the week 4\u20136 measurement. Clinical factors that may affect REE variations were collected including infection, pressure injuries, autonomic dysreflexia, spasticity, and medications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifteen people participated (mean age 35 \u00b1 13 years, 67% paraplegic). There was no statistically significant change in mean REE, weight, or body composition, and the Chun and Nightingale BMR prediction equations performed best (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u20090.8 at all time points). One-third of participants had &gt;10% change in REE on 11 occasions, with clinical factors not consistently associated with the observed changes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During SCI rehabilitation, mean REE, weight, and body composition remain unchanged, and FFM-based BMR prediction equations may be an acceptable alternative to indirect calorimetry. Future research designs should avoid single indirect calorimetry measures as snapshot data may not represent typical REE in this population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-024-00682-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T15:25:20Z","timestamp":1727882720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Resting energy expenditure during spinal cord injury rehabilitation and utility of fat-free mass-based energy prediction equations: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy N.","family":"Nevin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridhar S.","family":"Atresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Vivanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh C.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid J.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.193","volume":"54","author":"AN Nevin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevin AN, Steenson J, Vivanti A, Hickman IJ. Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2016;54:248\u201353.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR2","volume-title":"Human nutrition and dietetics","author":"J Garrow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Garrow J, James W. Human nutrition and dietetics. 9 ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Medical Division; 1993.","edition":"9 ed."},{"key":"682_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","volume":"37","author":"AS Gorgey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Dolbow DR, Dolbow JD, Khalil RK, Castillo C, Gater DR. Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37:693\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1223","volume":"68","author":"MB Monroe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Monroe MB, Tataranni PA, Pratley R, Manore MM, Skinner JS, Ravussin E. Lower daily energy expenditure as measured by a respiratory chamber in subjects with spinal cord injury compared with control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1223\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"682_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0242","volume":"29","author":"GJ Farkas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas GJ, Pitot MA, Gater DR Jr. A systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29:548\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"682_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.02.009","volume":"106","author":"C Compher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Compher C, Frankenfield D, Keim N, Roth-Yousey L. Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:881\u2013903.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"682_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000831","volume":"130","author":"AM Alazzam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alazzam AM, Alrubaye MW, Goldsmith JA, Gorgey AS. Trends in measuring BMR and RMR after spinal cord injury: a comprehensive review. Br J Nutr. 2023;130:1720\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"682_CR8","first-page":"227","volume":"4","author":"Y Dionyssiotis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dionyssiotis Y. Malnutrition in spinal cord injury: more than nutritional deficiency. J Clin Med Res. 2012;4:227\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"682_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.371","volume":"77","author":"AC Buchholz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buchholz AC, McGillivray CF, Pencharz PB. Differences in resting metabolic rate between paraplegic and able-bodied subjects are explained by differences in body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:371\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"682_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607191015003319","volume":"15","author":"DJ Rodriguez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez DJ, Clevenger FW, Osler TM, Demarest GB, Fry DE. Obligatory negative nitrogen balance following spinal cord injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991;15:319\u201322.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"682_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2404-379","volume":"24","author":"MS Nash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash MS, Groah SL, Gater DR Jr., Dyson-Hudson TA, Lieberman JA, Myers J, et al. Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical Practice Guideline for Health Care Providers. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2018;24:379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"682_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772311Y.0000000001","volume":"34","author":"DA Crane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crane DA, Little JW, Burns SP. Weight gain following spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34:227\u201332.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1357104","volume":"41","author":"GJ Farkas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas GJ, Gater DR. Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41:378\u201387.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2244","volume":"49","author":"P Felleiter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Felleiter P, Krebs J, Haeberli Y, Schmid W, Tesini S, Perret C. Post-traumatic changes in energy expenditure and body composition in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2017;49:579\u201384.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"682_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228465","volume":"15","author":"JFM Holla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holla JFM, van den Akker LE, Dadema T, de Groot S, Tieland M, Weijs PJM, et al. Determinants of dietary behaviour in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury or lower limb amputation: Perspectives of rehabilitation professionals and wheelchair users. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228465.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"682_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.53","volume":"55","author":"SM Chun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chun SM, Kim HR, Shin HI. Estimating the Basal metabolic rate from fat free mass in individuals with motor complete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55:844\u20137.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001548","volume":"50","author":"TE Nightingale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nightingale TE, Gorgey AS. Predicting basal metabolic rate in men with motor complete spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:1305\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"682_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-022-00827-5","volume":"60","author":"Y Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma Y, de Groot S, Hoevenaars D, Achterberg W, Adriaansen J, Weijs PJM, et al. Predicting resting energy expenditure in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2022;60:1100\u20137.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.16099","volume":"12","author":"AM Alazzam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alazzam AM, Gorgey AS. Validation of basal metabolic rate equations in persons with innervated and denervated chronic spinal cord injury. Physiol Rep. 2024;12:e16099.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"682_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.03.021","volume":"105","author":"RN Dickerson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickerson RN, Roth-Yousey L. Medication effects on metabolic rate: a systematic review (part 1). J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:835\u201343.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"682_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.04.022","volume":"105","author":"RN Dickerson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickerson RN, Roth-Yousey L. Medication effects on metabolic rate: a systematic review (part 2). J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:1002\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"682_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104771","volume":"96","author":"CI Maushart","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maushart CI, Sun W, Othman A, Ghosh A, Senn JR, Fischer JGW, et al. Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment on human brown adipose tissue activity: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy men. EBioMedicine. 2023;96:104771.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"682_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04139.x","volume":"39","author":"M Taittonen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Taittonen M, R\u00e4ty H, Kirvel\u00e4 O, Aantaa R, Kanto J. The metabolic effects of oral tizanidine in healthy volunteers. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39:628\u201332.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"682_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689669","volume":"33","author":"AS Gorgey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Chiodo AE, Zemper ED, Hornyak JE, Rodriguez GM, Gater DR. Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010;33:6\u201315.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.320","volume":"15","author":"B Yilmaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yilmaz B, Yasar E, Goktepe S, Alaca R, Yazicioglu K, Dal U, et al. Basal metabolic rate and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in men with spinal cord injury. Obesity. 2007;15:2683\u20137.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"682_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01248-6","volume":"77","author":"AN Nevin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevin AN, Urquhart S, Atresh SS, Geraghty TJ, Walter E, Ryan EG, et al. A longitudinal analysis of resting energy expenditure and body composition in people with spinal cord injury undergoing surgical repair of pressure injuries: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2023;77:386\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"682_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0590-z","volume":"14","author":"TE Nightingale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale TE, Williams S, Thompson D, Bilzon JLJ. Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: daily variation and appropriate measurement duration. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14:132.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"682_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","volume":"34","author":"SC Kirshblum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, Donovan W, Graves DE, Jha A, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34:535\u201346.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR29","unstructured":"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers\/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline.: EPUAP\/NPIAP\/PPPIA; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/6479484083027f25a6246fcb\/t\/6553d3440e18d57a550c4e7e\/1699992399539\/CPG2019edition-digital-Nov2023version.pdf."},{"key":"682_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1997.11734580","volume":"20","author":"E Garshick","year":"1997","unstructured":"Garshick E, Ashba J, Tun CG, Lieberman SL, Brown R. Assessment of stature in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20:36\u201342.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"682_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2016-00001","volume":"22","author":"A Nevin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevin A, Mayr H, Atresh S, Kemp I, Simmons J, Vivanti A, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of implementing indirect calorimetry into routine clinical care of patients with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2016;22:269\u201376.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"682_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","volume":"109","author":"JB Weir","year":"1949","unstructured":"Weir JB. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol. 1949;109:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"682_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0035-1","volume":"56","author":"MG Panisset","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panisset MG, Desneves K, Ward LC, Rafferty J, Rodi H, Roff G, et al. Bedside quantification of fat-free mass in acute spinal cord injury using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a psychometric study. Spinal Cord. 2018;56:355\u201365.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0253-9","volume":"57","author":"KJ Desneves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desneves KJ, Panisset MG, Rafferty J, Rodi H, Ward LC, Nunn A, et al. Comparison of estimated energy requirements using predictive equations with total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2019;57:562\u201370.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199705001-00319","volume":"29","author":"P Kocina","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kocina P, Heyward V. Validation of a bioimpedance equation for estimating fat-free mass of spinal cord injured adults 319 [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:55.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"682_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"682_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00568-3","volume":"59","author":"KJ Desneves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desneves KJ, Panisset MG, Galea MP, Kiss N, Daly RM, Ward LC. Comparison of segmental lean tissue mass in individuals with spinal cord injury measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and predicted by bioimpedance spectroscopy. Spinal Cord. 2021;59:730\u20137.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112345","volume":"120","author":"KJ Desneves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Desneves KJ, Kiss N, Daly RM, Abbott G, Ward LC. Longitudinal changes in body composition and diet following acute spinal cord injury. Nutrition. 2024;120:112345.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"682_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-021-00446-x","volume":"7","author":"Y Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma Y, de Groot S, Romviel S, Achterberg W, van Orsouw L, Janssen TWJ. Changes in body composition during and after inpatient rehabilitation in people with recent spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2021;7:88.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"682_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.12.012","volume":"108","author":"S Fares","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fares S, Miller MD, Masters S, Crotty M. Measuring energy expenditure in community-dwelling older adults: are portable methods valid and acceptable? J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:544\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"682_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280797","volume":"43","author":"WA Bauman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bauman WA, Cirnigliaro CM, La Fountaine MF, Jensen AM, Wecht JM, Kirshblum SC, et al. A small-scale clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43:574\u20139.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"682_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15089","volume":"9","author":"AS Gorgey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Gill R, Khan R, Adler RA. Effects of dose de-escalation following testosterone treatment and evoked resistance exercise on body composition, metabolic profile, and neuromuscular parameters in persons with spinal cord injury. Physiol Rep. 2021;9:e15089.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"682_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004032","volume":"46","author":"JD Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watson JD, Perrin PB, McDonald SD, Tyler CM, Burke J, Pierce BS, et al. Research participant recruitment strategies among individuals with acute spinal cord injury and their caregivers: a pre-post study. Spine. 2021;46:1111\u20137.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"682_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2413-6","volume":"19","author":"C Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson C, Rooshenas L, Paramasivan S, Elliott D, Jepson M, Strong S, et al. Development of a framework to improve the process of recruitment to randomised controlled trials (RCTs): the SEAR (Screened, Eligible, Approached, Randomised) framework. Trials. 2018;19:50.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"682_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06187-y","volume":"23","author":"JL Donovan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Donovan JL, Jepson M, Rooshenas L, Paramasivan S, Mills N, Elliott D, et al. Development of a new adapted QuinteT Recruitment Intervention (QRI-Two) for rapid application to RCTs underway with enrolment shortfalls-to identify previously hidden barriers and improve recruitment. Trials. 2022;23:258.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"682_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.167","volume":"54","author":"EJ McCaughey","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCaughey EJ, Purcell M, McLean AN, Fraser MH, Bewick A, Borotkanics RJ, et al. Changing demographics of spinal cord injury over a 20-year period: a longitudinal population-based study in Scotland. Spinal Cord. 2016;54:270\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"682_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.235","volume":"92","author":"KW Stenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stenson KW, Deutsch A, Heinemann AW, Chen D. Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:384\u201390.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"682_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004417","volume":"47","author":"W Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding W, Hu S, Wang P, Kang H, Peng R, Dong Y, et al. Spinal cord injury: the global incidence, prevalence, and disability from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Spine. 2022;47:1532\u201340.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"682_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236025","volume":"15","author":"MJ Benton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benton MJ, Hutchins AM, Dawes JJ. Effect of menstrual cycle on resting metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020;15:e0236025.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"682_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00079","volume":"27","author":"DR Gater Jr.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gater DR Jr., Farkas GJ, Dolbow DR, Berg A, Gorgey AS. Body composition and metabolic assessment after motor complete spinal cord injury: development of a clinically relevant equation to estimate body fat. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27:11\u201322.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord Series and Cases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-024-00682-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-024-00682-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-024-00682-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1727884954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-024-00682-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-024-00682-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-6124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-6124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Metro South Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC\/13\/QPAH\/305) and informed consent was obtained for each participant prior to study enrolment. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"70"}}