{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1746850040769,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord Ser Cases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prospective Case Series.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To determine the incidence of positive faecal occult blood test (FOBT) in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesised that people with SCI have a higher false positive FOBT rate when compared to the general population due to the high prevalence of complications of chronic constipation, and colonic and anorectal trauma from instrumentation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hospital in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A prospective study was conducted at a quaternary hospital with a dedicated spinal injuries unit. Enrolled individuals had two FOBT samples sent. Persons outside the age criteria, or with active per-rectal or vaginal bleeding, anorectal disease, haematuria, recent SCI or colonoscopy, or who had completed FOBT as part of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 20 people were included in the study with 50% testing positive on FOBT. Three persons agreed to proceed with colonoscopy. All persons who declined colonoscopy were due to perceived difficulty with procedure preparation. FOBTs were positive in 90% of those who reported rectal enema, digital simulation or manual evacuation as part of their bowel care.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>People with SCI have higher rates of positive FOBT compared to the general Australian population whilst follow-up colonoscopy rates were low. Compliance may be improved by bowel preparation protocols. High rates of positive FOBT in this population may be related to complications of constipation and bowel care. Our results suggest that FOBT is not an accurate screening tool in this population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-025-00710-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T10:39:28Z","timestamp":1746787168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Faecal occult blood testing in persons aged 50\u201374 years with established spinal cord injury: a prospective case series"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Yulong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"McCawley","family":"Clark-Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Arthurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie","family":"Nario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"710_CR1","unstructured":"Cancer data in Australia. Overview of cancer in Australia. 2024. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [Internet]. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/cancer\/cancer-data-in-australia\/contents\/overview."},{"key":"710_CR2","unstructured":"Bowel cancer (Colorectal cancer) in Australia statistics. Cancer Australia [Internet]. https:\/\/www.canceraustralia.gov.au\/cancer-types\/bowel-cancer\/statistics."},{"key":"710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-01-18-4472","volume":"47","author":"CJ Parkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parkin CJ, Bell SW, Mirbagheri N. Colorectal cancer screening in Australia. Aust J Gen Pr. 2018;47:859\u201363.","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pr"},{"key":"710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.156448","volume":"58","author":"A Graser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Graser A, Stieber P, Nagel D, Sch\u00e4fer C, Horst D, Becker CR, et al. Comparison of CT colonography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood tests for the detection of advanced adenoma in an average risk population. Gut. 2009;58:241\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18852257\/.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4417","volume":"325","author":"JS Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin JS, Perdue LA, Henrikson NB, Bean SI, Blasi PR. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2021;325:1978\u201397. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34003220\/.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S86419","volume":"8","author":"SH Elsafi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elsafi SH, Alqahtani NI, Zakary NY, Al Zahrani EM. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios of fecal occult blood test for the detection of colorectal cancer in hospital settings. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2015;8:279\u201384. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26392783\/.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30105-6","volume":"2","author":"JB Lew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lew JB, St John DJB, Xu XM, Greuter MJE, Caruana M, Cenin DR, et al. Long-term evaluation of benefits, harms, and cost-effectiveness of the national bowel cancer screening program in Australia: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e331\u201340. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29253458\/.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.64","volume":"55","author":"G Savic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savic G, Devivo MJ, Frankel HL, Jamous MA, Soni BM, Charlifue S. Causes of death after traumatic spinal cord injury\u2014a 70-year British study. Spinal Cord. 2017;55:891\u20137. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc201764.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.55","volume":"50","author":"JW Middleton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Middleton JW, Dayton A, Walsh J, Rutkowski SB, Leong G, Duong S. Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study. Spinal Cord. 2012;50:803\u201311. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22584284\/.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2020.1808294","volume":"45","author":"JE Koblinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koblinski JE, DeVivo MJ, Chen Y, Nfonsam V. Colorectal cancer mortality after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45:436.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.164","volume":"53","author":"BP Morris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morris BP, Kucchal T, Burgess AN. Colonoscopy after spinal cord injury: a case-control study. Spinal Cord. 2015;53:32\u20135. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25366532\/.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"710_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000091","volume":"36","author":"AV Hayman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayman AV, Guihan M, Fisher MJ, Murphy D, Anaya BC, Parachuri R, et al. Colonoscopy is high yield in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;36:436\u201342. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23941791\/.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05814-0","volume":"65","author":"A Blanco Belver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blanco Belver A, Aach M, Schmiegel W, Schildhauer TA, Meindl R, Brechmann T. Similar adenoma detection rates in colonoscopic procedures of patients with spinal cord injury compared to controls. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:1197\u2013205. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05814-0.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"710_CR14","unstructured":"National bowel cancer screening program monitoring report. Summary - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [Internet] 2024. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/cancer-screening\/nbcsp-monitoring-2024\/summary."},{"key":"710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31972","volume":"144","author":"EL Amitay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amitay EL, Cuk K, Niedermaier T, Weigl K, Brenner H. Factors associated with false-positive fecal immunochemical tests in a large German colorectal cancer screening study. Int J Cancer. 2019;144:2419\u201327. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ijc.31972.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1370207","volume":"40","author":"MH Shojaei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shojaei MH, Alavinia SM, Craven BC. Management of obesity after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40:783.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.14","volume":"104","author":"Z Levi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R, Vilkin A, Waked A, Maoz E, et al. Sensitivity, but not specificity, of a quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for neoplasia is slightly increased by the use of low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs, and anticoagulants. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:933\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19293792\/.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.04.016","volume":"88","author":"L Bujanda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bujanda L, Lanas \u00c1, Quintero E, Castells A, Sarasqueta C, Cubiella J, et al. Effect of aspirin and antiplatelet drugs on the outcome of the fecal immunochemical test. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:683\u20139.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283438aac","volume":"23","author":"G Mandelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mandelli G, Radaelli F, Paggi S, Terreni N, Gola G, Gramegna M, et al. Anticoagulant or aspirin treatment does not affect the positive predictive value of an immunological fecal occult blood test in patients undergoing colorectal cancer screening: results from a nested in a cohort case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:323\u20136. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21389863\/.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2013-100425","volume":"5","author":"ATMD Chowdhury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chowdhury ATMD, Longcroft-Wheaton G, Davis A, Massey D, Goggin P. Research: role of faecal occult bloods in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2014;5:231.","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"key":"710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2019.149","volume":"53","author":"JY Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang JY, Moon CM, Shim KN, Cheung DY, Lee HS, Lim YJ, et al. Positive fecal occult blood test is a predictive factor for gastrointestinal bleeding after capsule endoscopy in patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia: a Korean multicenter CAPENTRY study. Clin Endosc. 2020;53:719.","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.08.002","volume":"43","author":"A Cilona","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cilona A, Zullo A, Hassan C, Ridola L, Annese M. Is faecal-immunochemical test useful in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and without overt bleeding?. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:1022\u20134. http:\/\/www.dldjournalonline.com\/article\/S1590865811002933\/fulltext.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"710_CR23","first-page":"75","volume":"21","author":"E Ebert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebert E. Gastrointestinal involvement in spinal cord injury: a clinical perspective. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2012;21:75\u201382. https:\/\/www.jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/view\/2012.1.13.","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4","volume":"20","author":"Z Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qi Z, Middleton JW, Malcolm A. Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2018;20:1\u201313. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4.","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep."},{"key":"710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2017.58.1.150","volume":"58","author":"NH Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim NH, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Choi K, Jung YS. Are hemorrhoids associated with false-positive fecal immunochemical test results?. Yonsei Med J. 2017;58:150.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.03.169","volume":"76","author":"ST Van Turenhout","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Turenhout ST, Oort FA, Terhaar Sive Droste JS, Coup\u00e9 VMH, Van Der Hulst RW, Loffeld RJ, et al. Hemorrhoids detected at colonoscopy: an infrequent cause of false-positive fecal immunochemical test results. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:136\u201343. http:\/\/www.giejournal.org\/article\/S0016510712004130\/fulltext.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10631","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010631","volume":"97","author":"M Forootan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forootan M, Bagheri N, Darvishi M. Chronic constipation: a review of literature. Medicine. 2018;97:e10631.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0162-5","volume":"16","author":"B Serrano Falc\u00f3n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serrano Falc\u00f3n B, Barcel\u00f3 L\u00f3pez M, Mateos Mu\u00f1oz B, \u00c1lvarez S\u00e1nchez A, Rey E. Fecal impaction: a systematic review of its medical complications. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:4.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383904","volume":"27","author":"M Hughes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes M. Bowel management in spinal cord injury patients. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2014;27:113.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0225-3","volume":"49","author":"PW De Feiter","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Feiter PW, Soeters PB, Dejong CHC. Rectal perforations after barium enema: a review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:261\u201371. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16328608\/.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"710_CR31","first-page":"2050313X2093825","volume":"8","author":"S Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee S, Kwon J, Lee J. Rectal perforations caused by cleansing enemas in chronically constipated patients: two case reports. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2020;8:2050313X2093825.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep."},{"key":"710_CR32","unstructured":"Middleton J, Leong G, Mann L Management of spinal cord injury in general practice - part 1 - PubMed [Internet]. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18398518\/."},{"key":"710_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0025-3","volume":"56","author":"BJ Teng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teng BJ, Song SH, Svircev JN, Dominitz JA, Burns SP. Colorectal cancer screening in patients with spinal cord injury yields similar results to the general population with an effective bowel preparation: a retrospective chart audit. Spinal Cord. 2017;56:226\u201331. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41393-017-0025-3.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"710_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11753183","volume":"32","author":"JH Soo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soo JH, Chung MK, Jeong EL, Tae HL. Colonoscopic lesions in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:404.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"710_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852892","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.852892","volume":"9","author":"AA Rizk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rizk AA, Saad M, Singh M, Schaller B, Venkatraghavan L, Chowdhury T. Perioperative complications and anesthesia practices in managing patients with quadriplegia undergoing surgery: a systematic review. Front Med. 2022;9:852892.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"710_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00164.x","volume":"20","author":"TD Denberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Denberg TD, Melhado TV, Coombes JM, Beaty BL, Berman K, Byers TE, et al. Predictors of nonadherence to screening colonoscopy. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:989.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"710_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100950","volume":"14","author":"AK Solenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solenberg AK, Hall JP, Veazey Brooks J. Barriers to colorectal cancer screening for people with spinal cord injuries and\/or disorders: a qualitative study. Disabil Health J. 2021;14:100950.","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"710_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260088.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260088","volume":"16","author":"DE Goldsbury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldsbury DE, Feletto E, Weber MF, Haywood P, Pearce A, Lew JB, et al. Health system costs and days in hospital for colorectal cancer patients in New South Wales, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260088. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34843520\/.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"710_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1772-0","volume":"20","author":"W Luboldt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luboldt W, Volker T, Wiedemann B, Z\u00f6phel K, Wehrmann U, Koch A, et al. Detection of relevant colonic neoplasms with PET\/CT: promising accuracy with minimal CT dose and a standardised PET cut-off. Eur Radio. 2010;20:2274.","journal-title":"Eur Radio"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord Series and Cases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-025-00710-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-025-00710-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-025-00710-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1746787172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-025-00710-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-025-00710-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-6124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-6124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was granted by the Northern Sydney Local Health District Human Research and Ethics Committee. Reference Number 2020\/ETH01533. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"14"}}