{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:17:50Z","timestamp":1788466670903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord Ser Cases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping Review<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions. In spinal cord injury (SCI) care, nurses deliver many interventions, yet the number, quality, and level of nurse involvement in RCTs remains unclear. Poorly designed RCTs can introduce bias, and limited nurse participation may restrict the development of evidence-based nursing practice. This review aimed to determine: 1. The number and topics of RCTs on nurse-related interventions for people with SCI; 2. The extent of nurse leadership and participation in these RCTs; 3. The methodological quality of the RCTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australia<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three databases were searched over a 20-year period for RCTs involving people with SCI and interventions relevant to nursing practice. Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion. Extracted data included study location, sample size, intervention type, nurse involvement, and authorship by nurses. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. The protocol was registered with Open Science Framework (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/k9xde\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/k9xde<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ), and PRISMA-ScR guidelines informed reporting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-six RCTs were included from 29,744 retrieved articles. Five main intervention categories were identified, with most studies focusing on bladder and wound management. Studies were primarily conducted in Europe, Asia, and North America. Sample sizes ranged from 9 to 489 participants, with a median (IQR) of 61 (37\u201391). Nurses were authors on 29 out of the 46 trials, and 26% were nurse led. PEDro scores ranged from 2 to 9, with a median (IQR) of 5 (5\u20136.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few RCTs have evaluated nursing interventions for people with SCI. Many studies showed susceptibility to selection bias. Greater nurse leadership and participation in high-quality RCTs are needed to strengthen evidence-based SCI nursing care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-026-00749-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:38:04Z","timestamp":1788464284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Randomised controlled trials of nursing interventions in spinal cord injury: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise C.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8188-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne V.","family":"Glinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4365-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15199","volume":"125","author":"E Hariton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hariton E, Locascio JJ. Randomised controlled trials - the gold standard for effectiveness research: study design: randomised controlled trials. Bjog. 2018;125:1716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15199.","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"749_CR2","volume-title":"Nursing practice related to spinal cord injury and disorders : A core curriculum","author":"A Nelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nelson A, Zejdlik CP, Love L Nursing practice related to spinal cord injury and disorders : A core curriculum. Jackson Heights, NY: Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association; 2001."},{"key":"749_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03491.x","volume":"20","author":"HE Breimaier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breimaier HE, Halfens RJ, Lohrmann C. Nurses\u2019 wishes, knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers on implementing research findings into practice among graduate nurses in austria. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:1744\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03491.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"749_CR4","unstructured":"Flanagan J, Beck CT, Polit DF Polit and beck\u2019s nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, Twelfth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2025."},{"key":"749_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000000876","volume":"50","author":"J Ives Erickson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ives Erickson J, Pappas S. The value of nursing research. J Nurs Adm. 2020;50:243\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NNA.0000000000000876.","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm"},{"key":"749_CR6","unstructured":"1.Higgins JPT, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC. Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ et al. (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5. Cochrane, [last updated October 2019]: London, 2024."},{"key":"749_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.5.408","volume":"273","author":"KF Schulz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Jama. 1995;273:408\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.273.5.408.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"749_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. Prisma extension for scoping reviews (prisma-scr): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"749_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.07.015","volume":"139","author":"J Hodel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodel J, Stucki G, Prodinger B. The potential of prediction models of functioning remains to be fully exploited: a scoping review in the field of spinal cord injury rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;139:177\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.07.015.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"749_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glinsky, J.V., Harvey, L.A., Tranter, K.E. et al. An Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for the physiotherapy management of people with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 2025;63:470\u201376.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-025-01088-8"},{"key":"749_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.95","volume":"54","author":"LA Harvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Bowden JL. The effectiveness of 22 commonly administered physiotherapy interventions for people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2016;54:914\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2016.95.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Goodfellow LT. An Overview of How to Search and Write a Medical Literature Review. Respiratory Care 2023: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.11198.","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.11198"},{"key":"749_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.4.020","volume":"104","author":"M Morris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris M, Boruff JT, Gore GC. Scoping reviews: Establishing the role of the librarian. J Med Library Assoc. 2016;104:346\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3163\/1536-5050.104.4.020.","journal-title":"J Med Library Assoc"},{"key":"749_CR14","unstructured":"The EndNote Team. Endnote. EndNote 20 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Clarivate; 2013."},{"key":"749_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70043-1","volume":"55","author":"NA de Morton","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Morton NA. The pedro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55:129\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70043-1.","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"749_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2020.01","volume":"11","author":"AP Matos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matos AP, Pegorari MS. How to classify clinical trials using the pedro scale?. J Lasers Med Sci. 2020;11:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/jlms.2020.01.","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"749_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.4.199","volume":"25","author":"MK Dwivedi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dwivedi MK, Srivastava RN, Bhagat AK, Agarwal R, Baghel K, Jain A, et al. Pressure ulcer management in paraplegic patients with a novel negative pressure device: a randomised controlled trial. J Wound Care. 2016;25:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.4.199.","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"749_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","volume":"66","author":"AG Cashin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: physiotherapy evidence database (pedro) scale. J Physiother. 2020;66:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"749_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.016","volume":"85","author":"DD Cardenas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardenas DD, Hoffman JM, Kirshblum S, McKinley W. Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1757\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.016.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"749_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2025.100881","volume":"34","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Jiao Y, Wang N, Xu X, Yang L, Han L, et al. Incidence of pressure injuries in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Tissue Viability. 2025;34:100881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2025.100881.","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"key":"749_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1179\/107902611x12971826988255","volume":"34","author":"J Rundquist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rundquist J, Gassaway J, Bailey J, Lingefelt P, Reyes IA, Thomas J. The scirehab project: treatment time spent in sci rehabilitation. Nursing bedside education and care management time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34:205\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/107902611x12971826988255.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"749_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.417","volume":"96","author":"AS Burns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burns AS, St-Germain D, Connolly M, Delparte JJ, Guindon A, Hitzig SL, et al. Phenomenological study of neurogenic bowel from the perspective of individuals living with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.417.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"749_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09265-2","volume":"23","author":"S Mathew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathew S, Fitts MS, Liddle Z, Bourke L, Campbell N, Murakami-Gold L, et al. Telehealth in remote australia: a supplementary tool or an alternative model of care replacing face-to-face consultations?. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23:341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-023-09265-2.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"749_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12223","volume":"48","author":"E Scala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scala E, Price C, Day J. An integrative review of engaging clinical nurses in nursing research. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2016;48:423\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnu.12223.","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"749_CR25","unstructured":"Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice, Fourth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019."},{"key":"749_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-165","volume":"13","author":"AM Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m AM, Rudman A, Ehrenberg A, Gustavsson JP, Wallin L. Factors associated with evidence-based practice among registered nurses in sweden: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-165.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"749_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32.","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-32","volume":"5","author":"KN Kajermo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kajermo KN, Bostr\u00f6m AM, Thompson DS, Hutchinson AM, Estabrooks CA, Wallin L. The barriers scale - the barriers to research utilization scale: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2010;5:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-5-32.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"749_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-025-02467-8","volume":"25","author":"Z Ren","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ren Z, Webster AC, Hunter KE, Zhang J, Yao Y, Tan-Koay AG, et al. Reducing risk of bias in interventional studies during their design and conduct: a scoping review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025;25:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-025-02467-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"749_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2024-104231","volume":"28","author":"J Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith J, Noble H. Understanding sources of bias in research. Evid Based Nurs. 2025;28:137\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebnurs-2024-104231.","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"749_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora M, Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Chhabra HS, Hossain S, Arumugam N, et al. Telephone-based management of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in low- and middle-income countries: a randomised controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2017;55:141\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.163"},{"key":"749_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34172\/jcs.2022.08","volume":"11","author":"P Asgari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asgari P, Zolfaghari M, Yee B-L, Abdi A, Mohammadi Y, Bahramnezhad F. Comparison of hydrocolloid dressings and silver nanoparticles in treatment of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci. 2022;11:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/jcs.2022.08.","journal-title":"J Caring Sci"},{"key":"749_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590601068983","volume":"41","author":"F Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Hansen HV, Nielsen PN, Looms D. Residual urine after intermittent catheterization in females using two different catheters. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2007;41:341\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365590601068983.","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"749_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.05.025","volume":"17","author":"X Bonfill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonfill X, Rigau D, Esteban-Fuertes M, Barrera-Chac\u00f3n JM, J\u00e1uregui-Abrisqueta ML, Salvador S, et al. Efficacy and safety of urinary catheters with silver alloy coating in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicentric pragmatic randomized controlled trial. The escale trial. Spine J. 2017;17:1650\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.05.025.","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"749_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753730","volume":"27","author":"DD Cardenas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardenas DD, Hoffman JM, Kelly E, Mayo ME. Impact of a urinary tract infection educational program in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753730.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"749_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.04.010","volume":"90","author":"D Cardenas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cardenas D, Hoffman J. Hydrophilic catheters versus noncoated catheters for reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation. 2009;90:1668\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.04.010.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation"},{"key":"749_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.01.001","volume":"3","author":"D Cardenas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cardenas D, Moore KN, Dannels-McClure A, Scelza WM, Graves DE, Brooks M, et al. Intermittent catheterization with a hydrophilic-coated catheter delays urinary tract infections in acute spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Pm R. 2011;3:408\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.01.001.","journal-title":"Pm R"},{"key":"749_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1313931","volume":"42","author":"M Carlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carlson M, Vigen CLP, Rubayi S, Blanche EI, Blanchard J, Atkins M, et al. Lifestyle intervention for adults with spinal cord injury: results of the usc-rlanrc pressure ulcer prevention study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42:2\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2017.1313931.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"749_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.5","volume":"49","author":"E Chartier-Kastler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chartier-Kastler E, Lauge I, Ruffion A, Goossens D, Charvier K, Biering-Sorensen F. Safety of a new compact catheter for men with neurogenic bladder dysfunction: a randomised, crossover and open-labelled study. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:844\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2011.5.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.004","volume":"131","author":"P Christensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Christensen P, Bazzocchi G, Coggrave M, Abel R, Hultling C, Krogh K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord\u2013injured patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:738\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.004.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"749_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.166","volume":"48","author":"MJ Coggrave","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coggrave MJ, Norton C. The need for manual evacuation and oral laxatives in the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial of a stepwise protocol. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:504\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2009.166.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.76","volume":"51","author":"JA Costa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Costa JA, Menier M, Doran TJ, Kohler TS. Catheter length preference in wheelchair-using men who perform routine clean intermittent catheterization. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:772\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2013.76.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.07.018","volume":"48","author":"DJMK De Ridder","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Ridder DJMK, Everaert K, Fern\u00e1ndez LG, Valero JVF, Dur\u00e1n AB, Abrisqueta MLJ, et al. Intermittent catheterisation with hydrophilic-coated catheters (speedicath) reduces the risk of clinical urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients: a prospective randomised parallel comparative trial. Eur Urol. 2005;48:991\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.07.018.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"749_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.14","volume":"49","author":"B Domurath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Domurath B, Kutzenberger J, Kurze I, Knoth HS. Clinical evaluation of a newly developed catheter (speedicath compact male) in men with spinal cord injury: Residual urine and user evaluation. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:817\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2011.14.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000153","volume":"37","author":"CT Evans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Evans CT, Hill JN, Guihan M, Chin A, Goldstein B, Richardson MS, et al. Implementing a patient education intervention about methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus prevention and effect on knowledge and behavior in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37:152\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000153.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"749_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.Guihan M, Bombardier C, Ehde D, Rapacki L, Rogers T. Comparing multicomponent interventions to improve skin care behaviors and prevent recurrence in veterans hospitalized for severe pressure ulcers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014;95:1246\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.012"},{"key":"749_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100349","volume":"92","author":"CH Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho CH, Bensitel T, Wang X, Bogie KM. Pulsatile lavage for the enhancement of pressure ulcer healing: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2012;92:38\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20100349.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"749_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.Hollisaz MT, Khedmat H, Yari F. A randomized clinical trial comparing hydrocolloid, phenytoin and simple dressings for the treatment of pressure ulcers [ISRCTN33429693]. BMC Dermatol 2004;4:18.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-4-18"},{"key":"749_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516654207","volume":"31","author":"MS Hossain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hossain MS, Harvey LA, Rahman MA, Bowden JL, Islam MS, Taylor V, et al. A pilot randomised trial of community-based care following discharge from hospital with a recent spinal cord injury in bangladesh. Clin Rehabilitation. 2017;31:781\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215516654207.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabilitation"},{"key":"749_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00546-9","volume":"59","author":"MS Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain MS, Harvey LA, Islam MS, Rahman MA, Muldoon S, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. A community-based intervention to prevent serious complications and death 2 years after discharge in people with spinal cord injury in bangladesh (civic): a randomised trial. Spinal Cord. 2021;59:649\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-020-00546-9.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.45","volume":"51","author":"B Houlihan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Houlihan B, Jette A, Friedman R, Paasche-Orlow M, Ni P, Wierbicky J, et al. A pilot study of a telehealth intervention for persons with spinal cord dysfunction. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:715\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2013.45.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0296-y","volume":"57","author":"J Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang J, Pacheco Barzallo D, Rubinelli S, Munzel N, Brach M, Gemperli A. What influences the use of professional home care for individuals with spinal cord injury? A cross-sectional study on family caregivers. Spinal Cord. 2019;57:924\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-019-0296-y.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27692","volume":"6","author":"I Irgens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irgens I, Midelfart-Hoff J, Jelnes R, Alexander M, Stanghelle JK, Thoresen M, et al. Videoconferencing in pressure injury: randomized controlled telemedicine trial in patients with spinal cord injury. JMIR Formative Res. 2022;6:e27692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/27692.","journal-title":"JMIR Formative Res"},{"key":"749_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.Kaya AZ, Turani N, Aky\u00fcz M. The effectiveness of a hydrogel dressing compared with standard management of pressure ulcers. J Wound Care 2005;14:42\u20134.","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2005.14.1.26726"},{"key":"749_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-022-00835-5","volume":"60","author":"LC Kelly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelly LC, Glinsky JV, Nier LM, Garrett G, Harvey LA. Are micro enemas administered with a squeeze tube and a 5 cm-long nozzle as good or better than micro enemas administered with a 10 cm-long catheter attached to a syringe in people with a recent spinal cord injury? A non-inferiority, crossover randomised controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2022;60:1136\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-022-00835-5.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12136","volume":"14","author":"JY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JY, Cho E. Evaluation of a self-efficacy enhancement program to prevent pressure ulcers in patients with a spinal cord injury. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2017;14:76\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jjns.12136.","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"749_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14305.","DOI":"10.2196\/14305","volume":"21","author":"MA Kryger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kryger MA, Crytzer TM, Fairman A, Quinby EJ, Karavolis M, Pramana G, et al. The effect of the interactive mobile health and rehabilitation system on health and psychosocial outcomes in spinal cord injury: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21:e14305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14305.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"749_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.5530\/ijmedph.2024.2.155","volume":"14","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar A, Akriti, Sinha SK. Comparative study of eusol and silverstream in healing of pressure sore in spinal cord injury patients. Int J Med public health. 2024;14:804\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/ijmedph.2024.2.155.","journal-title":"Int J Med public health"},{"key":"749_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211016145","volume":"49","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Li Q-P, Yang B-H. Participatory continuous nursing using the wechat platform for patients with spinal cord injuries. J Int Med Res. 2021;49:03000605211016145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605211016145.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"749_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S301874","volume":"14","author":"QP Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li QP, Li J, Pan HY. Effects of online home nursing care model application on patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Risk Manag Healthc policy. 2021;14:1703\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S301874.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc policy"},{"key":"749_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.06.013","volume":"33","author":"LQ Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu LQ, Deegan R, Dunne H, Knight SL, Allan HT, Gall A. A pilot study for testing feasibility and preliminary influence of early intervention using text messaging for pressure ulcer prevention in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Tissue Viability. 2024;33:666\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.06.013.","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"key":"749_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr975oa","volume":"20","author":"KN Moore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moore KN, Burt J, Voaklander DC. Intermittent catheterization in the rehabilitation setting: a comparison of clean and sterile technique. Clin Rehabilitation. 2006;20:461\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0269215506cr975oa.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabilitation"},{"key":"749_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1258\/135763307781645095","volume":"13","author":"H Pain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pain H, Soopramanien A, Dallolio L, Prior R, Menarini M, Ventura M, et al. Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of telerehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13:46\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/135763307781645095.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"749_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.01.015","volume":"89","author":"DH Rintala","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rintala DH, Garber SL, Friedman JD, Holmes SA. Preventing recurrent pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injury: impact of a structured education and follow-up intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation. 2008;89:1429\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.01.015.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation"},{"key":"749_CR64","unstructured":"Ruijuan ZB, Li XB, Yingjie WB, Rui WB, Chunqing LB. Effects of catheter tracking management on urinary tract function and infection rates in patients with spinal cord injury. Altern Ther Health Med. 2023;29:104\u20139."},{"key":"749_CR65","unstructured":"Sarica S, Akkoc Y, Karapolat H, Aktug H. Comparison of the use of conventional, hydrophilic and gel-lubricated catheters with regard to urethral micro trauma, urinary system infection, and patient satisfaction in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;46:473\u20139."},{"key":"749_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09045-y","volume":"23","author":"A Scheel-Sailer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scheel-Sailer A, Koligi K, Lampart P, Fahndrich C, Gmunder HP, Metzger S, et al. Effect of a computerized decision support system on the treatment approach of stage iii or iv pressure injury in patients with spinal cord injury: a feasibility study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-023-09045-y.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"749_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ans.89001","volume":"6","author":"N Sedghi Goyaghaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sedghi Goyaghaj N, Pishgooie AH, Aliyari S, Zareiyan A. The effect of self-care program training on self-efficacy in veteran with spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial study. Arch Neurosci. 2019;6:e89001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ans.89001.","journal-title":"Arch Neurosci"},{"key":"749_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102029","volume":"45","author":"PK Subbanna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Subbanna PK, Margaret Shanti FX, George J, Tharion G, Neelakantan N, Durai S, et al. Topical phenytoin solution for treating pressure ulcers: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Spinal Cord. 2007;45:739\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.3102029.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0080-4","volume":"56","author":"OH Sundby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sundby OH, Irgens I, Hoiseth LO, Mathiesen I, Lundgaard E, Haugland H, et al. Intermittent mild negative pressure applied to the lower limb in patients with spinal cord injury and chronic lower limb ulcers: a crossover pilot study. Spinal Cord. 2018;56:372\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-018-0080-4.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"749_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.028","volume":"85","author":"A Taly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taly A, Krishan P, Murali T, John A. Efficacy of multiwavelength light therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers in subjects with disorders of the spinal cord: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation. 2004;85:1657\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.028.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation"},{"key":"749_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753877","volume":"29","author":"KB Waites","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waites KB, Canupp KC, Roper JF, Camp SM, Chen Y. Evaluation of 3 methods of bladder irrigation to treat bacteriuria in persons with neurogenic bladder. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29:217\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753877.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"749_CR72","unstructured":"Wang C, Wang L, Wang H, Tian S. Effect of continuous nursing on serum factors, quality of life and mood conditions in patients suffer from spinal fracture complicated with spinal cord injury. Biomed Research-Tokyo. 2017;28:9367\u201370."},{"key":"749_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1146","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14198","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xia X, Zhuang X. Effect of quantitative assessment-based nursing intervention on the bowel function and life quality of patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:e1146\u2013e1151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14198.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"749_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04353-6","volume":"30","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Cai P, Feng X, Yang Q, Wang H. Low-frequency bladder vibration for the treatment of urinary tract infections in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bladder. Int Urol Nephrol. 2024;30:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-024-04353-6.","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord Series and Cases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00749-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00749-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00749-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:38:07Z","timestamp":1788464287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00749-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-026-00749-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-6124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-6124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required as it was a scoping review.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors do not declare any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"22"}}