{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:58:43Z","timestamp":1790366323651,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord Ser Cases"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-026-00754-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:53:17Z","timestamp":1790319197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of continuous passive motion in alleviating neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-7153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Jae","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Ik","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"754_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.905","volume":"21","author":"D Burke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burke D, Fullen BM, Stokes D, Lennon O. Neuropathic pain prevalence following spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain. 2017;21:29\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"754_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00744-z","volume":"60","author":"E Loh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loh E, Guy SD, Mehta S, Moulin DE, Bryce TN, Middleton JW, et al. The CanPain SCI clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation management of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: 2021 update. Spinal Cord. 2022;60:548\u201366.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"754_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000783","volume":"158","author":"TA Nees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nees TA, Finnerup NB, Blesch A, Weidner N. Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: the impact of sensorimotor activity. Pain. 2017;158:371.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2717-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"LA Henderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henderson LA, Gustin SM, Macey PM, Wrigley PJ, Siddall PJ. Functional reorganization of the brain in humans following spinal cord injury: evidence for underlying changes in cortical anatomy. J Neurosci. 2011;31:2630\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"754_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4c9d","volume":"109","author":"AJ Terkelsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Terkelsen AJ, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Experimental forearm immobilization in humans induces cold and mechanical hyperalgesia. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"754_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1999.11719557","volume":"22","author":"BA Kakulas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kakulas BA. A review of the neuropathology of human spinal cord injury with emphasis on special features. J Spinal Cord Med. 1999;22:119\u201324.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"754_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3692","volume":"32","author":"EA Dugan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dugan EA, Sagen J. An intensive locomotor training paradigm improves neuropathic pain following spinal cord compression injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:622\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"754_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7378","volume":"38","author":"EA Dugan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dugan EA, Schachner B, Jergova S, Sagen J. Intensive locomotor training provides sustained alleviation of chronic spinal cord injury-associated neuropathic pain: a two-year pre-clinical study. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38:789\u2013802.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"754_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2025.2503049","volume":"49","author":"C White","year":"2025","unstructured":"White C, Klus S, Ho WH, Barrett L, Doherty O, Lennon O. Robotic-assisted gait training for spinal cord injury neuropathic pain: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2025;49:635\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2025.2503049.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"754_CR10","first-page":"CD004260","volume":"2","author":"LA Harvey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harvey LA, Brosseau L, Herbert RD. Continuous passive motion following total knee arthroplasty in people with arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2:CD004260.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"754_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00482-6","volume":"92","author":"M Bennett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bennett M. The LANSS pain scale: the leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain. 2001;92:147\u201357.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.2","volume":"50","author":"TN Bryce","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bryce TN, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Finnerup NB, Cardenas DD, Defrin R, Ivan E, et al. International spinal cord injury pain (ISCIP) classification: part 2. initial validation using vignettes. Spinal Cord. 2012;50:404\u201312.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"754_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2702-1","volume":"27","author":"R Rupp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupp R, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Burns SP, Graves DE, Guest J, Jones L, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27:1\u201322.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"754_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.11.035","volume":"94","author":"YJ Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang YJ, Liang JN, Hsu MJ, Lien HY, Fang CY, Lin CH. Effects of continuous passive motion on reversing the adapted spinal circuit in humans with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:822\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"754_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1901-61","volume":"19","author":"S Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta S, Orenczuk K, McIntyre A, Willems G, Wolfe DL, Hsieh JTC, et al. Neuropathic pain post spinal cord injury part 1: systematic review of physical and behavioral treatment. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2013;19:61\u201377.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"754_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq184","volume":"133","author":"MD Soler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soler MD, Kumru H, Pelayo R, Vidal J, Tormos JM, Fregni F, et al. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. Brain. 2010;133:2565\u201377.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"754_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.06.004","volume":"22","author":"D Soler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soler D, Mori\u00f1a D, Kumru H, Vidal J, Navarro X. Transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion effect according to sensory phenotypes in patients with spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2021;22:86\u201396.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"754_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.12.024","volume":"108","author":"D Bouhassira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bouhassira D, Attal N, Fermanian J, Alchaar H, Gautron M, Masquelier E, et al. Development and validation of the neuropathic pain symptom inventory. Pain. 2004;108:248\u201357.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91074-8","volume":"30","author":"R Melzack","year":"1987","unstructured":"Melzack R. The short-form McGill pain questionnaire. Pain. 1987;30:191\u20137.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1378","volume":"23","author":"S Perrot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perrot S, Lant\u00e9ri-Minet M. Patients\u2019 global impression of change in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain: clinical relevance and correlations in daily practice. Eur J Pain. 2019;23:1117\u201328.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"754_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","volume":"282","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"754_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","volume":"94","author":"JT Farrar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farrar JT, Young JP, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole MR. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94:149\u201358.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","volume":"150","author":"R Melzack","year":"1965","unstructured":"Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150:971\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"754_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001836","volume":"161","author":"W Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan W, Sdrulla AD. Differential modulation of excitatory and inhibitory populations of superficial dorsal horn neurons in lumbar spinal cord by A\u03b2-fiber electrical stimulation. Pain. 2020;161:1650.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"754_CR25","first-page":"CD011976","volume":"9","author":"W Gibson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gibson W, Wand BM, O\u2019Connell NE. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD011976.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"754_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.021","volume":"52","author":"JN Campbell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Neuron. 2006;52:77\u201392.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"754_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933214","volume":"65","author":"K Nakabayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakabayashi K, Sakamoto J, Kataoka H, Kondo Y, Hamaue Y, Honda Y, et al. Effect of continuous passive motion initiated after the onset of arthritis on inflammation and secondary hyperalgesia in rats. Physiol Res. 2016;65:683\u201391.","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"754_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.3.0415","volume":"74","author":"PC Rinaldi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rinaldi PC, Young RF, Albe-Fessard D, Chodakiewitz J. Spontaneous neuronal hyperactivity in the medial and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of patients with deafferentation pain. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:415\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"754_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.1","volume":"23","author":"EG Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones EG. Cortical and subcortical contributions to activity-dependent plasticity in primate somatosensory cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2000;23:1\u201337.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"754_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101777","volume":"43","author":"MP Jensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Hoffman AJ, Cardenas DD. Chronic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury: a survey and longitudinal study. Spinal Cord. 2005;43:704\u201312.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"754_CR31","first-page":"529","volume":"11","author":"O Cruciger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cruciger O, Schildhauer TA, Meindl RC, Tegenthoff M, Schwenkreis P, Citak M, et al. Impact of locomotion training with a neurologic controlled hybrid assistive limb (HAL) exoskeleton on neuropathic pain and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic SCI: a case study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2016;11:529\u201334.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"754_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.04.026","volume":"95","author":"J Kressler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kressler J, Thomas CK, Field-Fote EC, Sanchez J, Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga E, Cilien DC, et al. Understanding therapeutic benefits of overground bionic ambulation: exploratory case series in persons with chronic, complete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1878\u2013.e4.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"754_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-220061","volume":"51","author":"G Stampacchia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stampacchia G, Gazzotti V, Olivieri M, Andrenelli E, Bonaiuti D, Calabro RS, et al. Gait robot-assisted rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury: a scoping review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022;51:609\u201347.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord Series and Cases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00754-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00754-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00754-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:01:55Z","timestamp":1790362915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41394-026-00754-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-026-00754-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-6124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-6124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional review board, and all participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"27"}}