{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:29:31Z","timestamp":1786548571059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea among the elderly. Although the prevalence of celiac disease appears to be higher in patients with microscopic colitis, the relationship between dietary gluten intake and risk of microscopic colitis among individuals without celiac disease has not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective study of 160,744 US women without celiac disease enrolled in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Microscopic colitis was confirmed through medical records review. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to estimate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We documented 219 incident cases of microscopic colitis over more than 20 years of follow-up encompassing 3,716,718 person-years (crude incidence rate: 5.9\/100,000 person-years) in NHS and NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.88). Compared to individuals in the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted gluten intake, the adjusted HR of microscopic colitis was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.77\u20131.78) for the middle quintile and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.67\u20131.58) for the highest quintile. Additional adjustment for primary dietary sources of gluten including refined and whole grains did not materially alter the effect estimates (All\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2265 0.69). The null association did not differ according to lymphocytic or collagenous subtypes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>heterogeneity<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.72) and was not modified by age, smoking status, or body mass index (All\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2265 0.17).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary gluten intake during adulthood was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis among women without celiac disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0267-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T05:14:08Z","timestamp":1536038048000},"page":"127-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dietary Gluten Intake and Risk of Microscopic Colitis Among US Women without Celiac Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.14309","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Po-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lebwohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"Ivey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. 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