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To determine which factors, including selective antibiotic pressure, govern the expansion of two major lineages of CA-MRSA, namely \u201cUSA300\u201d in Northern America and \u201cEuropean ST80\u201d in North Africa, Europe and Middle-East, we explored virulence factor expression, and fitness levels with or without antibiotics. The sampled strains were collected in a temporal window representing various steps of the epidemics, reflecting predicted changes in effective population size as inferred from whole-genome analysis. In addition to slight variations in virulence factor expression and biofilm production that might influence the ecological niches of theses lineages, competitive fitness experiments revealed that the biological cost of resistance to methicillin, fusidic acid and fluoroquinolones is totally reversed in the presence of trace amount of antibiotics. Our results suggest that low-level antibiotics exposure in human and animal environments contributed to the expansion of both European ST80 and USA300 lineages in community settings. This surge was likely driven by antibiotic (ab)use promoting the accumulation of antibiotics as environmental pollutants. The current results provide a novel link between effective population size increase of a pathogen and a selective advantage conferred by antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0110-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T22:13:09Z","timestamp":1522793589000},"page":"1879-1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Demographic fluctuation of community-acquired antibiotic-resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    lineages: potential role of flimsy antibiotic exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claude-Alexandre","family":"Gustave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI \u2013 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supe\u0301rieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon , 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