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However, the conversion of these pollutants in active nitrogen (N) cycling processes in the subsurface biosphere still remains unclear. This study investigates the global occurrence of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in aquifers, where anammox was found to be turned on and off between saturated and unsaturated soil horizons, and contributed 36.8\u201379.5% to N loss in saturated soil horizons, the remainder being due to denitrification which has traditionally been considered the main pathway for removal of N-pollutants from aquifers. Although anammox activity was undetectable in the unsaturated soil horizons, it could potentially be activated by contact with ascending groundwater. High-throughput pyrosequencing analysis identified Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans as being the most abundant anammox bacterium in the saturated soils investigated. However, the anammox bacterial abundance was determined by the relative richness of Candidatus Jettenia asiatica. Isotopic pairing experiments revealed that coupling anammox with ammonium oxidation and respiratory ammonification enabled the formation of a revised N cycle in aquifer systems, in which respiratory ammonification acted as an important coordinator. Anammox can therefore contribute substantially to aquifer N cycling and its role in remediation of aquifers contaminated with N-oxides may be of global importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0513-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T13:08:13Z","timestamp":1570540093000},"page":"151-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a major N-sink in aquifer systems around the world"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shanyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, 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Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaute","family":"Lavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-En","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike S M","family":"Jetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel M M","family":"Kuypers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangbai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Technology , Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Schwark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Geosciences, University of Kiel , D-24098 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengqing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, 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