{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:07:57Z","timestamp":1793128077352,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1359,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81972994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41831287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81972994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41831287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chlorine disinfection to drinking water plays an important role in preventing and controlling waterborne disease outbreaks globally. Nevertheless, little is known about why it enriches the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria after chlorination. Here, ARGs released from killed antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and culturable chlorine-injured bacteria produced in the chlorination process as the recipient, were investigated to determine their contribution to the horizontal transfer of ARGs during disinfection treatment. We discovered Escherichia coli, Salmonella aberdeen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed diverse resistance to sodium hypochlorite, and transferable RP4 could be released from killed sensitive donor consistently. Meanwhile, the survival of chlorine-tolerant injured bacteria with enhanced cell membrane permeabilisation and a strong oxidative stress-response demonstrated that a physiologically competent cell could be transferred by RP4 with an improved transformation frequency of up to 550 times compared with the corresponding untreated bacteria. Furthermore, the water quality factors involving chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), ammonium nitrogen and metal ions (Ca2+ and K+) could significantly promote above transformation frequency of released RP4 into injured E. faecalis. Our findings demonstrated that the chlorination process promoted the horizontal transfer of plasmids by natural transformation, which resulted in the exchange of ARGs across bacterial genera and the emergence of new ARB, as well as the transfer of chlorine-injured opportunistic pathogen from non-ARB to ARB. Considering that the transfer elements were quite resistant to degradation through disinfection, this situation poses a potential risk to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0656-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T14:07:04Z","timestamp":1587650824000},"page":"1847-1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":405,"title":["Chlorine disinfection promotes the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera by natural transformation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1199-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-gang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-qiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-yang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-bei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-hua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland , St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , No 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, PR 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October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}