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The forces governing assembly and maturation of these microbial ecosystems are largely unexplored but the consequences on host response and clinical outcome can be significant. In the context of wound healing, formation of a biofilm and a stable microbial community structure is associated with impaired tissue repair resulting in a non-healing chronic wound. These types of wounds can persist for years simmering below the threshold of classically defined clinical infection (which includes heat, pain, redness, and swelling) and cycling through phases of recurrent infection. In the most severe outcome, amputation of lower extremities may occur if spreading infection ensues. Here we take an ecological perspective to study priority effects and competitive exclusion on overall biofilm community structure in a three-membered community comprised of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, and Candida albicans derived from a chronic wound. We show that both priority effects and inter-bacterial competition for binding to C. albicans biofilms significantly shape community structure on both abiotic and biotic substrates, such as ex vivo human skin wounds. We further show attachment of C. freundii to C. albicans is mediated by mannose-binding lectins. Co-cultures of C. freundii and C. albicans trigger the yeast-to-hyphae transition, resulting in a significant increase in neutrophil death and inflammation compared to either species alone. Collectively, the results presented here facilitate our understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions and their effects on host-microbe interactions, pathogenesis, and ultimately, wound healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00901-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:14:17Z","timestamp":1612815257000},"page":"2012-2027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Priority effects dictate community structure and alter virulence of fungal-bacterial biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Z Alex","family":"Cheong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxiao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F","family":"Kernien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela L F","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeniel E","family":"Nett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay R","family":"Kalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011007163890000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2024011007163890000_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13926","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in nonhealing diabetic wounds","volume":"1435","author":"Kalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci."},{"key":"2024011007163890000_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.2840","article-title":"Neutrophil dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia: modulation of myeloperoxidase activity","volume":"30","author":"de Souza Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"2024011007163890000_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060917","article-title":"Neuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Volmer-Thole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2024011007163890000_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0940-0","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. 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