{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:00:22Z","timestamp":1788447622442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA025080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA025080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA023068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA023068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacogenomics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-020-0158-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:04:37Z","timestamp":1581033877000},"page":"672-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An analysis of the effect of mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter region DNA methylation on the response of naltrexone treatment of alcohol dependence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Farrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0096-4","volume":"27","author":"MJ Niciu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niciu MJ, Arias AJ. Targeted opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:777\u201387.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"158_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2165\/11633180-000000000-00000","volume":"26","author":"AJ Arias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arias AJ, Sewell RA. Pharmacogenetically driven treatments for alcoholism: are we there yet? CNS Drugs. 2012;26:461\u201376.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"158_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.282","volume":"43","author":"K Mann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mann K, Roos CR, Hoffmann S, Nakovics H, Lemenager T, Heinz A, et al. Precision medicine in alcohol dependence: a controlled trial testing pharmacotherapy response among reward and relief drinking phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:891\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"158_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13601","volume":"42","author":"RF Anton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anton RF, Latham PK, Voronin KE, Randall PK, Book SW, Hoffman M, et al. Nicotine-use\/smoking is associated with the efficacy of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42:751\u201360.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"158_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300219","volume":"28","author":"DW Oslin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oslin DW, Berrettini W, Kranzler HR, Pettinati H, Gelernter J, Volpicelli JR, et al. A functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene is associated with naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1546\u201352.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"158_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2014.12102.x","volume":"23","author":"AJ Arias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arias AJ, Gelernter J, Gueorguieva R, Ralevski E, Petrakis IL. Pharmacogenetics of naltrexone and disulfiram in alcohol dependent, dually diagnosed veterans. Am J Addict. 2014;23:288\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"158_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00156.x","volume":"30","author":"JE McGeary","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGeary JE, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Tidey J, Swift R, Miranda R Jr. Genetic moderators of naltrexone\u2019s effects on alcohol cue reactivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30:1288\u201396.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"158_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.192","volume":"37","author":"LA Ray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ray LA, Bujarski S, Chin PF, Miotto K. Pharmacogenetics of naltrexone in asian americans: a randomized placebo-controlled laboratory study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:445\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"158_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.60","volume":"41","author":"H Ziauddeen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziauddeen H, Nestor LJ, Subramaniam N, Dodds C, Nathan PJ, Miller SR, et al. Opioid antagonists and the A118G polymorphism in the mu-opioid receptor gene: effects of GSK1521498 and naltrexone in healthy drinkers stratified by OPRM1 genotype. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41:2647\u201357.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"158_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00339.x","volume":"31","author":"J Gelernter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gelernter J, Gueorguieva R, Kranzler HR, Zhang H, Cramer J, Rosenheck R, et al. Opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, OPRK1, and OPRD1) variants and response to naltrexone treatment for alcohol dependence: results from the VA cooperative study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31:555\u201363.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"158_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12576","volume":"24","author":"S Ben Hamida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ben Hamida S, Boulos LJ, McNicholas M, Charbogne P, Kieffer BL. Mu opioid receptors in GABAergic neurons of the forebrain promote alcohol reward and drinking. Addict Biol. 2019;24:28\u201339.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"158_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0028-x","volume":"19","author":"E Darcq","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darcq E, Kieffer BL. Opioid receptors: drivers to addiction? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19:499\u2013514.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"158_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9608","volume":"95","author":"C Bond","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, Melia D, Zhang S, Borg L, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:9608\u201313.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"158_CR14","first-page":"49","volume":"2","author":"RR Kanherkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N, Csoka AB. Epigenetics across the human lifespan. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2014;2:49.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"158_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04674","volume":"441","author":"M Rassoulzadegan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rassoulzadegan M, Grandjean V, Gounon P, Vincent S, Gillot I, Cuzin F. RNA-mediated non-mendelian inheritance of an epigenetic change in the mouse. Nature. 2006;441:469\u201374.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"158_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12465","volume":"26","author":"H Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang H, Gelernter J. Review: DNA methylation and alcohol use disorders: progress and challenges. Am J Addict. 2017;26:502\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"158_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.108","volume":"34","author":"DA Nielsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nielsen DA, Yuferov V, Hamon S, Jackson C, Ho A, Ott J, et al. Increased OPRM1 DNA methylation in lymphocytes of methadone-maintained former heroin addicts. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:867\u201373.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"158_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2011.0067","volume":"7","author":"V Chorbov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chorbov V, Todorov A, Lynskey M, Cicero T. Elevated levels of DNA methylation at the OPRM1 promoter in blood and sperm from male opioid addicts. J Opioid Manag. 2011;7:258.","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"158_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2012.98","volume":"57","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang H, Herman AI, Kranzler HR, Anton RF, Simen AA, Gelernter J. Hypermethylation of OPRM1 promoter region in European Americans with alcohol dependence. J Hum Genet. 2012;57:670\u20135.","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"158_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1533","volume":"27","author":"MP Ball","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ball MP, Li JB, Gao Y, Lee JH, LeProust EM, Park IH, et al. Targeted and genome-scale strategies reveal gene-body methylation signatures in human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:361\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"158_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(99)00126-6","volume":"70","author":"ML Andria","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andria ML, Simon EJ. Localization of promoter elements in the human mu-opioid receptor gene and regulation by DNA methylation. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1999;70:54\u201365.","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"158_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0072","volume":"8","author":"C Knothe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knothe C, Oertel BG, Ultsch A, Kettner M, Schmidt PH, Wunder C, et al. Pharmacoepigenetics of the role of DNA methylation in mu-opioid receptor expression in different human brain regions. Epigenomics. 2016;8:1583\u201399.","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"158_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds314","volume":"21","author":"BG Oertel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oertel BG, Doehring A, Roskam B, Kettner M, Hackmann N, Ferreiros N, et al. Genetic-epigenetic interaction modulates mu-opioid receptor regulation. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21:4751\u201360.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"158_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.11.010","volume":"28","author":"P Kaliman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaliman P. Epigenetics and meditation. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;28:76\u201380.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"158_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-68","volume":"9","author":"E Dejeux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dejeux E, Ronneberg JA, Solvang H, Bukholm I, Geisler S, Aas T, et al. DNA methylation profiling in doxorubicin treated primary locally advanced breast tumours identifies novel genes associated with survival and treatment response. Mol Cancer. 2010;9:68.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"158_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30625","volume":"140","author":"A Herbst","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herbst A, Vdovin N, Gacesa S, Ofner A, Philipp A, Nagel D, et al. Methylated free-circulating HPP1 DNA is an early response marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2017;140:2134\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"158_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-121265","volume":"127","author":"M Karaglani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karaglani M, Ragia G, Panagopoulou M, Balgkouranidou I, Nena E, Kolios G, et al. Search for pharmacoepigenetic correlations in type 2 diabetes under sulfonylurea treatment. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;127:226\u201333.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"158_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-018-9863-8","volume":"56","author":"M Szabo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Szabo M, Mate B, Csep K, Benedek T. Epigenetic modifications linked to T2D, the heritability gap, and potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Genet. 2018;56:553\u201374.","journal-title":"Biochem Genet"},{"key":"158_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0106","volume":"9","author":"B Swathy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swathy B, Banerjee M. Understanding epigenetics of schizophrenia in the backdrop of its antipsychotic drug therapy. Epigenomics. 2017;9:721\u201336.","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"158_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1227-x","volume":"122","author":"K Domschke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Domschke K, Tidow N, Schwarte K, Ziegler C, Lesch KP, Deckert J, et al. Pharmacoepigenetics of depression: no major influence of MAO-A DNA methylation on treatment response. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015;122:99\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"158_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30483","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226236","volume":"16","author":"R Cacabelos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cacabelos R, Torrellas C. Epigenetics of aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for pharmacogenomics and drug response. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:30483\u2013543.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"158_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-4-r54","volume":"15","author":"K Lokk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lokk K, Modhukur V, Rajashekar B, Martens K, Magi R, Kolde R, et al. DNA methylome profiling of human tissues identifies global and tissue-specific methylation patterns. Genome Biol. 2014;15:r54.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"158_CR33","volume-title":"User\u2019s guide for structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders - clinician version (SCID-CV).","author":"MB First","year":"1997","unstructured":"First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. User\u2019s guide for structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders - clinician version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997."},{"key":"158_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011127","volume":"345","author":"JH Krystal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Cramer JA, Krol WF, Kirk GF, Rosenheck RA, Veterans Affairs Naltrexone Cooperative Study G. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. N. Engl J Med. 2001;345:1734\u20139.","journal-title":"N. Engl J Med"},{"key":"158_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12477","volume":"39","author":"JM Barker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barker JM, Zhang H, Villafane JJ, Wang TL, Torregrossa MM, Taylor JR. Epigenetic and pharmacological regulation of 5HT3 receptors controls compulsive ethanol seeking in mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2014;39:999\u20131008.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"158_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1214\/08-AOAS191","volume":"2","author":"A Gelman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gelman A, Jakulin A, Pittau MG, Su Y-S. A weakly informative default prior distribution for logistic and other regression models. Ann Appl Stat. 2009;2:1360\u201383.","journal-title":"Ann Appl Stat"},{"key":"158_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Random forests. Mach Learn. 2001;45:5\u201332.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"158_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0108-y","volume":"7","author":"BM Quraishi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quraishi BM, Zhang H, Everson TM, Ray M, Lockett GA, Holloway JW, et al. Identifying CpG sites associated with eczema via random forest screening of epigenome-scale DNA methylation. Clin Epigenetics. 2015;7:68.","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"158_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013964023376","volume":"48","author":"T Bylander","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bylander T. stimating generalization error on twoclass datasets using out-of-bag estimates. Mach Learn. 2002;48:287\u201397.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"158_CR40","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"A Liaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liaw A, Wiener M. Classification and regression by random forest. R News. 2002;2:18\u201322.","journal-title":"R News"},{"issue":"R2","key":"158_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R216","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx275","volume":"26","author":"AJ Titus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Titus AJ, Gallimore RM, Salas LA, Christensen BC. Cell-type deconvolution from DNA methylation: a review of recent applications. Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(R2):R216\u201324.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"158_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.25430","volume":"8","author":"DC Koestler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koestler DC, Christensen B, Karagas MR, Marsit CJ, Langevin SM, Kelsey KT, et al. Blood-based profiles of DNA methylation predict the underlying distribution of cell types: a validation analysis. Epigenetics. 2013;8:816\u201326.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"158_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.054","volume":"141","author":"KX Jacobsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacobsen KX, Hoistad M, Staines WA, Fuxe K. The distribution of dopamine D1 receptor and mu-opioid receptor 1 receptor immunoreactivities in the amygdala and interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure: relationships to tyrosine hydroxylase and opioid peptide terminal systems. Neuroscience. 2006;141:2007\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"158_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.459","volume":"73","author":"DD Satre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Satre DD, Chi FW, Mertens JR, Weisner CM. Effects of age and life transitions on alcohol and drug treatment outcome over nine years. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73:459\u201368.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"158_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq561","volume":"20","author":"DG Hernandez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hernandez DG, Nalls MA, Gibbs JR, Arepalli S, van der Brug M, Chong S, et al. Distinct DNA methylation changes highly correlated with chronological age in the human brain. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20:1164\u201372.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"}],"container-title":["The Pharmacogenomics Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41397-020-0158-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41397-020-0158-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41397-020-0158-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1695724436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41397-020-0158-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41397-020-0158-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-269X","1473-1150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-269X","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-1150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"This work was supported by grants (R21AA023068 and R01AA025080) from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. HRK is a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology\u2019s Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative (ACTIVE), which during the past three years was supported by AbbVie, Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Pfizer. HRK is named as an inventor on PCT patent application #15\/878,640 entitled: \u201cGenotype-guided dosing of opioid agonists,\u201d filed January 24, 2018. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethics statements: The study was exempted from a specific ethical approval by Boston University School of Medicine in accordance with local\/national guidelines. This study only involved DNA methylation data analysis, and the de-identified DNA samples were from our collaborator Dr Joel Gelernter at Yale University School of Medicine. Patient samples and demographic information were collected as part of previous studies (Krystal et al. []; Gelernter et al. []).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}