{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:06:06Z","timestamp":1768295166684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Involuntary movements as seen in repetitive disorders such as Tourette Syndrome (TS) results from cortical hyperexcitability that arise due to striato-thalamo-cortical circuit (STC) imbalance. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a stimulation procedure that changes cortical excitability, yet its relevance in repetitive disorders such as TS remains largely unexplored. Here, we employed the dopamine transporter-overexpressing <jats:italic>(DAT-tg<\/jats:italic>) rat model to investigate behavioral and neurobiological effects of frontal tDCS. The outcome of tDCS was pathology dependent, as anodal tDCS decreased repetitive behavior in the <jats:italic>DAT-tg<\/jats:italic> rats yet increased it in wild-type (<jats:italic>wt<\/jats:italic>) rats. Extensive deep brain stimulation (DBS) application and computational modeling assigned the response in <jats:italic>DAT-tg<\/jats:italic> rats to the sensorimotor pathway. Neurobiological assessment revealed cortical activity changes and increase in striatal inhibitory properties in the <jats:italic>DAT-tg<\/jats:italic> rats. Our findings show that tDCS reduces repetitive behavior in the <jats:italic>DAT-tg<\/jats:italic> rat through modulation of the sensorimotor STC circuit. This sets the stage for further investigating the usage of tDCS in repetitive disorders such as TS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0059-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T10:52:56Z","timestamp":1515495176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non-invasive modulation reduces repetitive behavior in a rat model through the sensorimotor cortico-striatal circuit"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Henriette","family":"Edemann-Callesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Habelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Wieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Heinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Liebetanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marom","family":"Bikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Padberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravit","family":"Hadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"59_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1","volume":"360","author":"JF Leckman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leckman, J. F. Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 360, 1577\u20131586 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"59_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.011","volume":"37","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavanna, A. E. & Rickards, H. The psychopathological spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1008\u20131015 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"59_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.006","volume":"19","author":"GM Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson, G. M., Draper, A., Dyke, K., P\u00e9p\u00e9s, S. E. & Jackson, S. R. Inhibition, disinhibition, and the control of action in Tourette syndrome. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 655\u2013665 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"59_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90012-X","volume":"25","author":"HS Singer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Singer, H. S. & Minzer, K. Neurobiology of Tourette\u2019s syndrome: concepts of neuroanatomic localization and neurochemical abnormalities. Brain Dev. 25, 70\u201384 (2003).","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"59_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00262-4","volume":"25","author":"JW Mink","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mink, J. W. Basal ganglia dysfunction in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a new hypothesis. Pediatr. Neurol. 25, 190\u2013198 (2001).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01620.x","volume":"47","author":"JF Leckman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leckman, J. F., Vaccarino, F. M., Kalanithi, P. S. A. & Rothenberger, A. Annotation: Tourette syndrome: a relentless drumbeat - driven by misguided brain oscillations. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 47, 537\u2013550 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"59_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0118","volume":"20","author":"JF Leckman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leckman, J. F., Bloch, M. H., Smith, M. E., Larabi, D. & Hampson, M. Neurobiological substrates of Tourette\u2019s disorder. J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 20, 237\u2013247 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"59_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4065\/84.6.522","volume":"84","author":"SJ Tye","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tye, S. J., Frye, M. A. & Lee, K. H. Disrupting disordered neurocircuitry: treating refractory psychiatric illness with neuromodulation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 84, 522\u2013532 (2009).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"59_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1569-7","volume":"123","author":"P Andrade","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade, P. & Visser-Vandewalle, V. DBS in Tourette syndrome: where are we standing now? J. Neural. Transm. 123, 791\u2013796 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"59_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00170","volume":"6","author":"A Fraint","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fraint, A. & Pal, G. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Front. Neurol. 6, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bour, L. J. et al. Tic related local field potentials in the thalamus and the effect of deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome: report of three cases. Clin Neurophysiol. 126, 1578\u20131588 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.10.217"},{"key":"59_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.011","volume":"37","author":"A Priori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Priori, A. et al. Deep brain electrophysiological recordings provide clues to the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1063\u20131068 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"59_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.012","volume":"37","author":"KR M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl, K. R. Surgical treatment of Tourette syndrome. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1178\u20131185 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"59_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6030035","volume":"6","author":"L Akbarian-Tefaghi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akbarian-Tefaghi, L., Zrinzo, L. & Foltynie, T. The use of deep brain stimulation in Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sci. 6, 35 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"59_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","volume":"553","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J. Physiol. 553, 293\u2013301 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"59_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57, 39\u201340 (2001)","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899"},{"key":"59_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","volume":"1","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 1, 206\u2013223 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"59_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.12.005","volume":"227","author":"D Wachter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wachter, D. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation induces polarity-specific changes of cortical blood perfusion in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 227, 322\u2013327 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.018","volume":"120","author":"M Bikson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bikson, M., Datta, A. & Elwassif, M. Establishing safety limits for transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 1033\u20131034 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"59_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.05.004","volume":"9","author":"LVM Apar\u00edcio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Apar\u00edcio, L. V. M. et al. A systematic review on the acceptability and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in neuropsychiatry trials. Brain Stimul. 9, 671\u2013681 (2016). no. 5.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"59_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","volume":"14","author":"A Russowsky Brunoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Russowsky Brunoni, A. et al. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14, 1133\u20131145 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"59_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300517","volume":"29","author":"Ma Nitsche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nitsche, Ma et al. Consolidation of human motor cortical neuroplasticity by D-cycloserine. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1573\u20131578 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"59_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunoni, A. R. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for acute major depressive episodes: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Br. J. Psychiatry 10, 1\u201310 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","volume":"128","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lefaucheur, J.-P. et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 56\u201392 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"59_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw041","volume":"42","author":"U Palm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palm, U. et al. Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: a double-blind, sham-controlled proof-of-concept study. Schizophr. Bull. 42, 1253\u20131261 (2016).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"59_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv114","volume":"4","author":"M Mondino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mondino, M. et al. Effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 4, 318\u2013326 (2016). Mar.","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"59_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22292","volume":"23","author":"S Mrakic-Sposta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mrakic-Sposta, S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in two patients with Tourette syndrome. Mov. Disord. 23, 2256\u20132257 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"59_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39145","volume":"6","author":"R Hadar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadar, R. et al. Rats overexpressing the dopamine transporter display behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities with relevance to repetitive disorders. Sci. Rep. 6, 39145 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59_CR29","volume-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"G Paxinos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 3rd edn (Acad Press, San Diego, 1997).","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"59_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.06.018","volume":"96","author":"CA Dockery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dockery, C. A., Liebetanz, D., Birbaumer, N., Malinowska, M. & Wesierska, M. J. Cumulative benefits of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on visuospatial working memory training and skill learning in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 96, 452\u2013460 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"59_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00539.x","volume":"47","author":"D Liebetanz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liebetanz, D. et al. Anticonvulsant effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in the rat cortical ramp model of focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 47, 1216\u20131224 (2006).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"59_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06573.x","volume":"31","author":"LJ Felice","year":"1978","unstructured":"Felice, L. J., Felice, J. D. & Kissinger, P. T. Determination of catecholamines in rat brain parts by reverse\u2010phase ion\u2010pair liquid chromatography. J. Neurochem. 31, 1461\u20131465 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"59_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08708.x","volume":"38","author":"G Sperk","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sperk, G. Simultaneous determination of serotonin, 5-hydroxindoleacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J. Neurochem. 38, 840\u2013843 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"59_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.02.009","volume":"8","author":"H Edemann-Callesen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edemann-Callesen, H. et al. Medial forebrain bundle deep brain stimulation has symptom-specific anti-depressant effects in rats and as opposed to ventromedial prefrontal cortex stimulation interacts with the reward system. Brain Stimul. 8, 714\u2013723 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"59_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.09.002","volume":"7","author":"E Rea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rea, E. et al. Anti-anhedonic effect of deep brain stimulation of the prefrontal cortex and the dopaminergic reward system in a genetic rat model of depression: an intracranial self-stimulation paradigm study. Brain Stimul. 7, 21\u201328 (2014). Jan.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"59_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.06.016","volume":"81","author":"J Rummel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rummel, J. et al. Testing different paradigms to optimize antidepressant deep brain stimulation in different rat models of depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 81, 36\u201345 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"59_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00784.2014","volume":"113","author":"W Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, W., Truong, D. Q., Bikson, M. & Martin, J. H. Transspinal direct current stimulation immediately modifies motor cortex sensorimotor maps. J. Neurophysiol. 113, 2801\u20132811 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"59_CR38","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., Watson, C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 6th edn, Elsevier Acad Press. 170, 547\u2013612 (2007)"},{"key":"59_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","volume":"2","author":"A Datta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datta, A. et al. Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimul. 2, 201\u2013207 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"59_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.05.007","volume":"190","author":"P Minhas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Minhas, P. et al. Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS. J. Neurosci. Methods 190, 188\u2013197 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"59_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190314","volume":"588","author":"MC Ridding","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ridding, M. C. & Ziemann, U. Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. J. Physiol. 588, 2291\u20132304 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"59_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016","volume":"127","author":"MP Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson, M. P. et al. Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: methods and mechanisms. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 3425\u20133454 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"59_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","volume":"17","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stagg, C. J. & Nitsche, M. A. Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroscience 17, 37\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"59_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm098","volume":"18","author":"MF Kuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuo, M. F., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine. Cereb. Cortex 18, 648\u2013651 (2008).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"59_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190181","volume":"588","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K., Liebetanz, D., Grundey, J., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Dosage-dependent non-linear effect of L-dopa on human motor cortex plasticity. J. Physiol. 588, 3415\u20133424 (2010). Pt 18.","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"59_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.05.017","volume":"224","author":"A Hasan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasan, A. et al. Dysfunctional long-term potentiation-like plasticity in schizophrenia revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation. Behav. Brain Res. 224, 15\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"59_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29588","DOI":"10.3402\/snp.v6.29588","volume":"6","author":"C Baeken","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baeken, C., Brunelin, J., Duprat, R. & Vanderhasselt, M. A. The application of tDCS in psychiatric disorders: a brain imaging view. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 6, 29588 (2016).","journal-title":"Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol."},{"key":"59_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x","volume":"23","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1651\u20131657 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"59_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26199","volume":"30","author":"L Tremblay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tremblay, L., Worbe, Y., Thobois, S., Sgambato-Faure, V. & F\u00e9ger, J. Selective dysfunction of basal ganglia subterritories: from movement to behavioral disorders. Mov. Disord. 30, 1155\u20131170 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"59_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groenewegen, H. J., Van Den Heuvel, O. A., Cath, D. C., Voorn, P., Veltman, D. J. Does an imbalance between the dorsal and ventral striatopallidal systems play a role in Tourette\u2019s syndrome? A neuronal circuit approach. Brain Dev. 25, S3\u2013S14 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90001-5"},{"key":"59_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12601","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3750-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"CB McCracken","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCracken, C. B. & Grace, A. A. High-frequency deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens region suppresses neuronal activity and selectively modulates afferent drive in rat orbitofrontal cortex in vivo. J. Neurosci. 27, 12601\u201312610 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"59_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1277","volume":"154","author":"U Ziemann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ziemann, U., Paulus, W. & Rothenberger, A. Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette\u2019s disorder: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 1277\u20131284 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.12.009","volume":"64","author":"M Orth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Orth, M., M\u00fcnchau, A. & Rothwell, J. C. Corticospinal system excitability at rest is associated with Tic severity in Tourette Syndrome. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 248\u2013251 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh318","volume":"128","author":"DJ Serrien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Serrien, D. J., Orth, M., Evans, A. H., Lees, A. J. & Brown, P. Motor inhibition in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Functional activation patterns as revealed by EEG coherence. Brain 128, 116\u2013125 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"59_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005729","volume":"9","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mantovani, A. et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette\u2019s syndrome (TS). Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 9, 95 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"59_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.741","volume":"57","author":"E Stern","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stern, E. et al. A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 741\u2013748 (2000).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1102-4","volume":"250","author":"A Berardelli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berardelli, A., Curr\u00e0, A., Fabbrini, G., Gilio, F. & Manfredi, M. Pathophysiology of tics and Tourette syndrome. J. Neurol. 250, 781\u2013787 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.09111692","volume":"168","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. The neural circuits that generate tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 1326\u20131337 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.003","volume":"16","author":"MR Milad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Milad, M. R. & Rauch, S. L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 43\u201351 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"59_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.1038","volume":"161","author":"S Saxena","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saxena, S. et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1038\u20131048 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"59_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234733","volume":"340","author":"SE Ahmari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmari, S. E. et al. Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior. Science 340, 1234\u20131239 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"59_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.02.047","volume":"21","author":"SR Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson, S. R. et al. Compensatory neural reorganization in Tourette syndrome. Curr. Biol. 21, 580\u2013585 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"59_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21012","volume":"21","author":"F Fregni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fregni, F. et al. Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 21, 1693\u20131702 (2006).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"59_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4087-6","volume":"232","author":"JJ Orban de Xivry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orban de Xivry, J. J. & Shadmehr, R. Electrifying the motor engram: effects of tDCS on motor learning and control. Exp. Brain Res. 232, 3379\u20133395 (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"59_CR65","first-page":"S13","volume":"55","author":"A Benazzouz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benazzouz, A. & Hallett, M. Mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Neurology 55, S13\u2013S16 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"59_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.024","volume":"115","author":"CC McIntyre","year":"2004","unstructured":"McIntyre, C. C., Savasta, M., Kerkerian-Le Goff, L. & Vitek, J. L. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 1239\u20131248 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"59_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.177","volume":"34","author":"A Friedman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friedman, A. et al. Programmed acute electrical stimulation of ventral tegmental area alleviates depressive-like behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 1057\u20131066 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"59_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22206","volume":"518","author":"Y Kataoka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kataoka, Y. et al. Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with tourette syndrome. J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 277\u2013291 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502624102","volume":"102","author":"PSA Kalanithi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalanithi, P. S. A. et al. Altered parvalbumin-positive neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 13307\u201313312 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"59_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.01.001","volume":"265","author":"V Pogorelov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pogorelov, V., Xu, M., Smith, H. R., Buchanan, G. F. & Pittenger, C. Corticostriatal interactions in the generation of tic-like behaviors after local striatal disinhibition. Exp. Neurol. 265, 122\u2013128 (2015).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00050","volume":"7","author":"M Bronfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bronfeld, M., Yael, D., Belelovsky, K. & Bar-Gad, I. Motor tics evoked by striatal disinhibition in the rat. Front Syst. Neurosci. 7, 50 (2013).","journal-title":"Front Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"59_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834fab9d","volume":"23","author":"KW McCairn","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCairn, K. W., Iriki, A. & Isoda, M. High-frequency pallidal stimulation eliminates tic-related neuronal activity in a nonhuman primate model of Tourette syndrome. Neuroreport 23, 206\u2013210 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"59_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.11.008","volume":"1820","author":"B Schwaller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwaller, B. The use of transgenic mouse models to reveal the functions of Ca2+ buffer proteins in excitable cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1820, 1294\u20131303 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"59_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","volume":"33","author":"R Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polan\u00eda, R., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 2499\u20132508 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"59_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0095-4","volume":"12","author":"HS Singer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singer, H. S. Treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 12, 539\u2013561 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"59_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12387","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0150-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"RJ Felling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Felling, R. J. & Singer, H. S. Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation. J. Neurosci. 31, 12387\u201312395 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"59_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.09.035","volume":"71","author":"J Kuhn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuhn, J. et al. In vivo evidence of deep brain stimulation-induced dopaminergic modulation in Tourette\u2019s Syndrome. Biol. Psychiatry 71, e11\u2013e13 (2012). Mar.","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0059-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0059-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0059-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T17:13:01Z","timestamp":1671729181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0059-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-017-0059-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Frank Padberg has received\u00a0speaker\u2019s honorarium from Mag&More GmbH and neuroCare Group GmbH as well as support with equipment from neuroCare Group GmbH, Munich, Germany, Mag&More GmbH, Munich, Germany and Brainsway Inc., Jerusalem, Israel.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}