{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T16:04:09Z","timestamp":1794499449284,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Empathy is the ability to recognize and respond to the emotional states of other individuals. It is an important psychological process that facilitates navigating social interactions and maintaining relationships, which are important for well-being. Several psychological studies have identified difficulties in both self-report and performance-based measures of empathy in a range of psychiatric conditions. To date, no study has systematically investigated the genetic architecture of empathy using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we report the results of the largest GWAS of empathy to date using a well-validated self-report measure of empathy, the Empathy Quotient (EQ), in 46,861 research participants from 23andMe, Inc. We identify 11 suggestive loci (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), though none were significant at\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 2.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    after correcting for multiple testing. The most significant SNP was identified in the non-stratified analysis (rs4882760;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4.29 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and is an intronic SNP in\n                    <jats:italic>TMEM132C<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The EQ had a modest but significant narrow-sense heritability (0.11 \u00b1 0.014;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u221214<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). As predicted, based on earlier work, we confirmed a significant female advantage on the EQ (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u221216<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.65). We identified similar SNP heritability and high genetic correlation between the sexes. Also, as predicted, we identified a significant negative genetic correlation between autism and the EQ (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22120.27 \u00b1 0.07,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.63 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). We also identified a significant positive genetic correlation between the EQ and risk for schizophrenia (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.19 \u00b1 0.04;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.36 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), risk for anorexia nervosa (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.32 \u00b1 0.09;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and extraversion (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.45 \u00b1 0.08; 5.7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). This is the first GWAS of self-reported empathy. The results suggest that the genetic variations associated with empathy also play a role in psychiatric conditions and psychological traits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0082-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1517397578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Varun","family":"Warrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6671-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6649-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhismadev","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the iPSYCH-Broad autism group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders D","family":"B\u00f8rglum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Grove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the 23andMe Research Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bourgeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Baron-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"82_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","volume":"34","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. J. The Empathy Quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34, 163\u2013175 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"82_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150077","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0077","volume":"371","author":"J Decety","year":"2015","unstructured":"Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F. & Knafo-Noam, A. Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 371, 20150077 (2015).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"82_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.09.020","volume":"142","author":"B Derntl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Derntl, B., Seidel, E.-M., Schneider, F. & Habel, U. How specific are emotional deficits? A comparison of empathic abilities in schizophrenia, bipolar and depressed patients. Schizophr. Res. 142, 58\u201364 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"82_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.05.017","volume":"160","author":"E Bora","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bora, E., G\u00f6k\u00e7en, S. & Veznedaroglu, B. Empathic abilities in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 160, 23\u201329 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"82_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.08.054","volume":"220","author":"TM Michaels","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michaels, T. M. et al. Cognitive empathy contributes to poor social functioning in schizophrenia: evidence from a new self-report measure of cognitive and affective empathy. Psychiatry Res. 220, 803\u2013810 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"82_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.09.009","volume":"220","author":"A Lehmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lehmann, A. et al. Subjective experience of emotions and emotional empathy in paranoid schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 220, 825\u2013833 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"82_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00179","volume":"5","author":"MJ Weightman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weightman, M. J., Air, T. M. & Baune, B. T. A review of the role of social cognition in major depressive disorder. Front. Psychiatry 5, 179 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.015","volume":"228","author":"P Thoma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thoma, P., Schmidt, T., Juckel, G., Norra, C. & Suchan, B. Nice or effective? Social problem solving strategies in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 228, 835\u2013842 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"82_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x","volume":"1156","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. Autism: the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1156, 68\u201380 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"82_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00302.x","volume":"62","author":"MH Davis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davis, M. H., Luce, C. & Kraus, S. J. The heritability of characteristics associated with dispositional empathy. J. Pers. 62, 369\u2013391 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"82_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2307\/1131567","volume":"63","author":"RN Emde","year":"1992","unstructured":"Emde, R. N. et al. Temperament, emotion, and cognition at fourteen months: the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study. Child. Dev. 63, 1437\u20131455 (1992).","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"82_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.13","volume":"18","author":"PK Hatemi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hatemi, P. K., Smith, K., Alford, J. R., Martin, N. G. & Hibbing, J. R. The genetic and environmental foundations of political, psychological, social, and economic behaviors: a panel study of twins and families. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 18, 243\u2013255 (2015).","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-48","volume":"4","author":"V Warrier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warrier, V., Baron-Cohen, S. & Chakrabarti, B. Genetic variation in GABRB3 is associated with Asperger syndrome and multiple endophenotypes relevant to autism. Mol. Autism 4, 48 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"82_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036555","volume":"14","author":"F Uzefovsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uzefovsky, F. et al. The dopamine D4 receptor gene shows a gender-sensitive association with cognitive empathy: evidence from two independent samples. Emotion 14, 712\u2013721 (2014).","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"82_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.80","volume":"2","author":"B Chakrabarti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, B. et al. Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome. Autism Res. 2, 157\u2013177 (2009).","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"82_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000317771","volume":"32","author":"J Decety","year":"2010","unstructured":"Decety, J. The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Dev. Neurosci. 32, 257\u2013267 (2010).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"82_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02260","volume":"155","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Auyeung, B. et al. Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 155, S123\u2013S130 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"82_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910600992239","volume":"1","author":"E Chapman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chapman, E. et al. Fetal testosterone and empathy: evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the \u2018Reading the Mind in the Eyes\u2019 test. Soc. Neurosci. 1, 135\u2013148 (2006).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"82_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn844","volume":"3","author":"M Siegal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siegal, M. & Varley, R. Neural systems involved in \u2018theory of mind\u2019. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 463\u2013471 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"82_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss088","volume":"9","author":"SA Morelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morelli, S. A., Rameson, L. T. & Lieberman, M. D. The neural components of empathy: predicting daily prosocial behavior. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 9, 39\u201347 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"82_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0327-9","volume":"44","author":"FP Holgado Tello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holgado Tello, F. P., Delgado Egido, B., Carrasco Ortiz, M. A. & Del Barrio Gandara, M. V. Interpersonal reactivity index: analysis of invariance and gender differences in Spanish youths. Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 44, 320\u2013333 (2013).","journal-title":"Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"82_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600001499","volume":"12","author":"MV Mestre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Fr\u00edas, M. D. & Tur, A. M. Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. Span. J. Psychol. 12, 76\u201383 (2009).","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"82_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(00)00032-1","volume":"23","author":"J Connellan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Connellan, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Batki, A. & Ahluwalia, J. Sex differences in human neonatal social perception. Infant. Behav. Dev. 23, 113\u2013118 (2000).","journal-title":"Infant. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"82_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001","volume":"46","author":"L Christov-Moore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christov-Moore, L. et al. Empathy: gender effects in brain and behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 46, 604\u2013627 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"82_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554","volume":"72","author":"MHM de Moor","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Moor, M. H. M. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 642 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4040","volume":"18","author":"RA Power","year":"2015","unstructured":"Power, R. A. et al. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predict creativity. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 953\u2013955 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"82_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.12","volume":"21","author":"TK Clarke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clarke, T.-K. et al. Common polygenic risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with cognitive ability in the general population. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 419\u2013425 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","volume":"167","author":"T Insel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Insel, T. et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 167, 748\u2013751 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001624","volume":"34","author":"EJ Lawrence","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S. & David, A. S. Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychol. Med. 34, 911\u2013919 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"82_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2014.991781","volume":"20","author":"MC Melchers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melchers, M. C., Montag, C., Markett, S. & Reuter, M. Assessment of empathy via self-report and behavioural paradigms: data on convergent and discriminant validity. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 20, 157\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150867","volume":"11","author":"EH Bos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bos, E. H. et al. Preserving subjective wellbeing in the face of psychopathology: buffering effects of personal strengths and resources. PLoS. ONE 11, e0150867 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802484381","volume":"91","author":"RN Spreng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A. & Levine, B. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. J. Pers. Assess. 91, 62\u201371 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"82_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.07.005","volume":"51","author":"C Allison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Stone, M. H. & Muncer, S. J. Psychometric analysis of the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Pers. Individ. Dif. 51, 829\u2013835 (2011).","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"82_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warrier, V. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy: heritability, and correlates with sex, neuropsychiatric conditions and cognition. Mol Psychiatry (2017) [Epub, ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.122"},{"key":"82_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136521","volume":"10","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. et al. The \u2018Reading the Mind in the Eyes\u2019 test: complete absence of typical sex difference in ~400 men and women with autism. PLoS. ONE 10, e0136521 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023473","volume":"6","author":"JY Tung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tung, J. Y. et al. Efficient replication of over 180 genetic associations with self-reported medical data. PLoS. ONE 6, e23473 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002141","volume":"7","author":"CB Do","year":"2011","unstructured":"Do, C. B. et al. Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS. Genet. 7, e1002141 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034442","volume":"7","author":"N Eriksson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eriksson, N. et al. Novel associations for hypothyroidism include known autoimmune risk loci. PLoS. ONE 7, e34442 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034267","volume":"7","author":"BM Henn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henn, B. M. et al. Cryptic distant relatives are common in both isolated and cosmopolitan genetic samples. PLoS. ONE 7, e34267 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/521987","volume":"81","author":"SR Browning","year":"2007","unstructured":"Browning, S. R. & Browning, B. L. Rapid and accurate haplotype phasing and missing-data inference for whole-genome association studies By use of localized haplotype clustering. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 1084\u20131097 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu704","volume":"31","author":"C Fuchsberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuchsberger, C., Abecasis, G. R. & Hinds, D. A. minimac2: faster genotype imputation. Bioinformatics 31, 782\u2013784 (2015).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"82_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14101","volume":"520","author":"DP Hibar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hibar, D. P. et al. Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature 520, 224\u2013229 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw303","volume":"32","author":"TB Bigdeli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bigdeli, T. B. et al. A simple yet accurate correction for winner\u2019s curse can predict signals discovered in much larger genome scans. Bioinformatics 32, 2598\u20132603 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"82_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","volume":"47","author":"BK Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. K. et al. LD score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 47, 291\u2013295 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"BK Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. K. et al. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat. Genet. 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006711","volume":"13","author":"T Ge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ge, T. et al. Phenome-wide heritability analysis of the UK Biobank. PLoS. Genet. 13, e1006711 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3404","volume":"47","author":"HK Finucane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Finucane, H. K. et al. Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics. Nat. Genet. 47, 1228\u20131235 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19057","volume":"536","author":"M Lek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lek, M. et al. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature 536, 285\u2013291 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, C.-Y. et al. Sexual dimorphism in gene expression and regulatory networks across human tissues. bioRxiv (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/082289.","DOI":"10.1101\/082289"},{"key":"82_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw613","volume":"33","author":"J Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng, J. et al. LD Hub: a centralized database and web interface to perform LD score regression that maximizes the potential of summary level GWAS data for SNP heritability and genetic correlation analysis. Bioinformatics 33, 272\u2013279 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"82_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"S Ripke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121402","volume":"174","author":"LE Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan, L. E. et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry 174, 850\u2013858 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Demontis, D. et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for ADHD. bioRxiv (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/145581.","DOI":"10.1101\/145581"},{"key":"82_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, C. B. et al. The iPSYCH2012 case\u2013cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.196.","DOI":"10.1101\/146670"},{"key":"82_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-015-9735-5","volume":"46","author":"SM van den Berg","year":"2016","unstructured":"van den Berg, S. M. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for extraversion: findings from the genetics of personality consortium. Behav. Genet. 46, 170\u2013182 (2016).","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004219","volume":"11","author":"CA de Leeuw","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Leeuw, C. A., Mooij, J. M., Heskes, T. & Posthuma, D. MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data. PLoS. Comput. Biol. 11, 1\u201319 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"82_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3570","volume":"48","author":"JK Pickrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pickrell, J. K. et al. Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits. Nat. Genet. 48, 709\u2013717 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, T. et al. Rare schizophrenia risk variants are enriched in genes shared with neurodevelopmental disorders. bioRxiv (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/069344.","DOI":"10.1101\/069344"},{"key":"82_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3050","volume":"46","author":"KE Samocha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samocha, K. E. et al. A framework for the interpretation of de novo mutation in human disease. Nat. Genet. 46, 944\u2013950 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3789","volume":"49","author":"JA Kosmicki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kosmicki, J. A. et al. Refining the role of de novo protein-truncating variants in neurodevelopmental disorders by using population reference samples. Nat. Genet. 49, 504\u2013510 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"82_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21062","volume":"542","author":"JF McRae","year":"2017","unstructured":"McRae, J. F. et al. Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders. Nature 542, 433\u2013438 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53630-3.00011-7","volume":"186","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. Empathizing, systemizing, and the extreme male brain theory of autism. Prog. Brain Res. 186, 167\u2013175 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"82_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1268-2","volume":"465","author":"B Auyeung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V. & Baron-Cohen, S. Prenatal and postnatal hormone effects on the human brain and cognition. Pflug. Arch. 465, 557\u2013571 (2013).","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"82_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21181","volume":"6","author":"L Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi, L., Zhang, Z., Su, B., Thompson, P. M. & Thiel, G. Sex biased gene expression profiling of human brains at major developmental stages. Sci. Rep. 6, 21181 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"82_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00290","volume":"7","author":"MC Melchers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melchers, M. C. et al. Similar personality patterns are associated with empathy in four different countries. Front. Psychol. 7, 290 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"82_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.129718","volume":"126","author":"YS Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song, Y. S., Lee, H.-J., Prosselkov, P., Itohara, S. & Kim, E. Trans-induced cis interaction in the tripartite NGL-1, netrin-G1 and LAR adhesion complex promotes development of excitatory synapses. J. Cell. Sci. 126, 4926\u20134938 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"82_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.346","volume":"30","author":"E Seiradake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seiradake, E. et al. Structural basis for cell surface patterning through NetrinG-NGL interactions. EMBO J. 30, 4479\u20134488 (2011).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"82_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102251","volume":"9","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. et al. Attenuation of typical sex differences in 800 adults with autism vs. 3,900 controls. PLoS. ONE 9, e102251 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"82_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.016","volume":"66\u201367","author":"WP Horan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horan, W. P. et al. Structure and correlates of self-reported empathy in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 66\u201367, 60\u201366 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"82_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1348\/014466507X272475","volume":"47","author":"D Hambrook","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hambrook, D., Tchanturia, K., Schmidt, U., Russell, T. & Treasure, J. Empathy, systemizing, and autistic traits in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 47, 335\u2013339 (2008).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"82_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2013.794723","volume":"19","author":"R Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris, R., Bramham, J., Smith, E. & Tchanturia, K. Empathy and social functioning in anorexia nervosa before and after recovery. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 19, 47\u201357 (2014).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.628","volume":"16","author":"A Harrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harrison, A., Sullivan, S., Tchanturia, K. & Treasure, J. Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 16, 348\u2013356 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"82_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140382","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140382","volume":"2","author":"R Brewer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brewer, R., Cook, R., Cardi, V., Treasure, J. & Bird, G. Emotion recognition deficits in eating disorders are explained by co-occurring alexithymia. R. Soc. Open. Sci. 2, 140382 (2015).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"82_CR75","first-page":"107","volume":"25","author":"JN Beadle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beadle, J. N., Paradiso, S., Salerno, A. & McCormick, L. M. Alexithymia, emotional empathy, and self-regulation in anorexia nervosa. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 25, 107\u2013120 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715","volume":"42","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y. & Plumb, I. The \u2018Reading the Mind in the Eyes\u2019 Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry 42, 241\u2013251 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121402","volume":"174","author":"L Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan, L. et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry. 174, 850\u2013858 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"82_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00112","volume":"6","author":"A Knafo-Noam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knafo-Noam, A., Uzefovsky, F., Israel, S., Davidov, M. & Zahn-Waxler, C. The prosocial personality and its facets: genetic and environmental architecture of mother-reported behavior of 7-year-old twins. Front. Psychol. 6, 112 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"82_CR79","unstructured":"Knafo-Noam, A. & Uzefovsky, F. inThe Infant Mind: Origins of the Social Brain (eds Legerstee, M. et al.) 97\u2013121 (The Guilford Press, New York, 2013)."},{"key":"82_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.54","volume":"16","author":"TJ Bouchard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouchard, T. J. The Wilson Effect: the increase in heritability of IQ with age. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 16, 923\u2013930 (2013).","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0082-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0082-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0082-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T06:29:19Z","timestamp":1671517759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-017-0082-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["82"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-017-0082-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/050682","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"DH and the 23andMe Research Team are employees of 23andMe, Inc. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"35"}}