{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:20:15Z","timestamp":1790522415012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-106573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-106573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-93696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-93696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heritable childhood-onset psychiatric disorder that may represent the extreme of obsessive\u2013compulsive (OC) traits that are widespread in the general population. We report the heritability of the Toronto Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Scale (TOCS), a new measure designed to assess the complete range of OC traits in youth. We also examined the dimensional nature of the TOCS and the degree to which genetic effects are unique or shared between dimensions. OC traits were measured using the TOCS in 16,718 youth (6\u201318 years) at a science museum. We conducted a factor analysis to identify OC trait dimensions. We used univariate and multivariate twin models to estimate the heritability of OC trait dimensions in a subset of twins (220 pairs). Six OC dimensions were identified: Cleaning\/Contamination, Symmetry\/Ordering, Rumination, Superstition, Counting\/Checking, and Hoarding. The TOCS total score (74%) and each OC dimension was heritable (30\u201377%). Hoarding was not highly correlated with other OC dimensions, but did share genetic effects. Shared genetics accounted for most of the shared variance among dimensions, whereas unique environment accounted for the majority of dimension-specific variance. One exception was Hoarding, which had considerable unique genetic factors. A latent trait did not account for the shared variance between dimensions. In conclusion, OC traits and individual OC dimensions were heritable, although the degree of shared and dimension-specific etiological factors varied by dimension. The TOCS may be informative for genetic research of OC traits in youth. Genetic research of OC traits should consider both OC dimension and total trait scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0249-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T13:31:51Z","timestamp":1537277511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Heritability of obsessive\u2013compulsive trait dimensions in youth from the general population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie L.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Forget-Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Sinopoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Goodale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.-M.","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell J.","family":"Schachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"249_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","volume":"15","author":"DL Pauls","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauls, D. L., Abramovitch, A., Rauch, S. L. & Geller, D. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 410\u2013424 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"249_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700051515","volume":"13","author":"TR Insel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Insel, T. R., Hoover, C. & Murphy, D. L. Parents of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol. Med. 13, 807\u2013811 (1983).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"249_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358","volume":"57","author":"G Nestadt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nestadt, G. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 57, 358\u2013363 (2000).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"249_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.008","volume":"31","author":"S Taylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor, S. Etiology of obsessions and compulsions: a meta-analysis and narrative review of twin studies. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1361\u20131372 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"249_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30138","volume":"134B","author":"GL Hanna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hanna, G. L., Himle, J. A., Curtis, G. C. & Gillespie, B. W. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet 134B, 13\u201319 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet"},{"key":"249_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.8.5.450","volume":"8","author":"DS van Grootheest","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Grootheest, D. S., Cath, D. C., Beekman, A. T. & Boomsma, D. I. Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. Twin Res. Hum. Genet 8, 450\u2013458 (2005).","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet"},{"key":"249_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.035","volume":"61","author":"DS van Grootheest","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Grootheest, D. S. et al. Genetic and environmental contributions underlying stability in childhood obsessive-compulsive behavior. Biol. Psychiatry 61, 308\u2013315 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181825abd","volume":"47","author":"DS van Grootheest","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Grootheest, D. S. et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to self-report obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Dutch adolescents at ages 12, 14, and 16. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 47, 1182\u20131188 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.6.608","volume":"61","author":"JJ Hudziak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hudziak, J. J. et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to the Child Behavior Checklist Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: a cross-cultural twin study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61, 608\u2013616 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC) and OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Studies (OCGAS). Revealing the complex genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder using meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 23:1181\u20131188 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154"},{"key":"249_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2670","volume":"10","author":"R Plomin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Plomin, R., Haworth, C. M. & Davis, O. S. Common disorders are quantitative traits. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 872\u2013878 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"249_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.65","volume":"18","author":"S van der Sluis","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Sluis, S., Posthuma, D., Nivard, M. G., Verhage, M. & Dolan, C. V. Power in GWAS: lifting the curse of the clinical cut-off. Mol. Psychiatry 18, 2\u20133 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08020320","volume":"165","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Rosario, M. C., Pittenger, C. & Leckman, J. F. Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 1532\u20131542 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318172ef1e","volume":"47","author":"SE Stewart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stewart, S. E. et al. Four-factor structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 47, 763\u2013772 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.54","volume":"68","author":"AC Iervolino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iervolino, A. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Cherkas, L., Fullana, M. A. & Mataix-Cols, D. A multivariate twin study of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 637\u2013644 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30622","volume":"147B","author":"DS van Grootheest","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Grootheest, D. S., Boomsma, D. I., Hettema, J. M. & Kendler, K. S. Heritability of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B, 473\u2013478 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"249_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9414-1","volume":"38","author":"J Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore, J., Smith, G. W., Shevlin, M. & O\u2019Neill, F. A. Alternative factor models and heritability of the Short Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Children\u2019s Version. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 38, 921\u2013934 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"249_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnositic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edn (American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA, 2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"249_CR19","first-page":"120","volume":"7","author":"NR Zilhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zilhao, N. R., Smit, D. J., Boomsma, D. I. & Cath, D. C. Cross-disorder genetic analysis of tic disorders, obsessive-compulsive, and hoarding symptoms. Front. P\n                           sychiatry 7, 120 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. P"},{"key":"249_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000269","volume":"44","author":"CA Mathews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathews, C. A., Delucchi, K., Cath, D. C., Willemsen, G. & Boomsma, D. I. Partitioning the etiology of hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Psychol. Med\n                           44, 2867\u20132876 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"249_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.01.008","volume":"55","author":"LS Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, L. S. et al. The Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: psychometrics of a dimensional measure of obsessive-compulsive traits. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 55, 310\u2013318 e314 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.e14","volume":"108","author":"EC Nelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nelson, E. C. et al. Obsessive\u2013compulsive scale of the child behavior checklist: specificity, sensitivity, and predictive power. Pediatrics 108, E14 (2001).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"249_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01465.x","volume":"47","author":"JJ Hudziak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hudziak, J. J. et al. The Obsessive Compulsive Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist predicts obsessive-compulsive disorder: a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 47, 160\u2013166 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR24","unstructured":"Swanson J., et al. Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: the SNAP and SWAN rating scales. University of California, Irvine, 2006."},{"key":"249_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760290039004","volume":"32","author":"DJ Cohen","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cohen, D. J., Dibble, E., Grawe, J. M. & Pollin, W. Reliably separating identical from fraternal twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32, 1371\u20131375 (1975).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del133","volume":"21","author":"MJ Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, M. J., Tzeng, C. H., Tseng, J. Y. & Huang, C. Y. Determination of twin zygosity using a commercially available STR analysis of 15 unlinked loci and the gender-determining marker amelogenin--a preliminary report. Hum. Reprod. 21, 2175\u20132179 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"249_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-010-9200-6","volume":"76","author":"S Boker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boker, S. et al. OpenMx: an open source extended structural equation modeling framework. Psychometrika 76, 306\u2013317 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"249_CR28","unstructured":"Neale M. C., Boker S. M., xie G., Maes H. H. Mx: Statistical Modeling 7th edn, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 2006."},{"key":"249_CR29","unstructured":"Plomin R., De Fries J. C., Knopik V. S., Neiderhiser J. M. Behav Genet (Worth Publishers, New York, 2012)."},{"key":"249_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170073010","volume":"44","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G. & Eaves, L. J. Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression Same genes, different environments? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 451\u2013457 (1987).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.040","volume":"61","author":"SE Stewart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stewart, S. E. et al. Principal components analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents. Biol. Psychiatry 61, 285\u2013291 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.08.008","volume":"44","author":"T Ivarsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ivarsson, T. & Valderhaug, R. Symptom patterns in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav. Res. Ther. 44, 1105\u20131116 (2006).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"249_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.02.001","volume":"44","author":"D McKay","year":"2006","unstructured":"McKay, D. et al. The structure of childhood obsessions and compulsions: dimensions in an outpatient sample. Behav. Res. Ther. 44, 137\u2013146 (2006).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"249_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816b73c0","volume":"47","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols, D., Nakatani, E., Micali, N. & Heyman, I. Structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 47, 773\u2013778 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"249_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008816","volume":"37","author":"D Bolton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bolton, D., Rijsdijk, F., O\u2019Connor, T. G., Perrin, S. & Eley, T. C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics and anxiety in 6-year-old twins. Psychol. Med. 37, 39\u201348 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"249_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<791::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"96","author":"AH Jonnal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jonnal, A. H., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A. & Kendler, K. S. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in a general population sample of female twins. Am. J. Med. Genet. 96, 791\u2013796 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"249_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000980","volume":"37","author":"DS Van Grootheest","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Grootheest, D. S., Cath, D. C., Beekman, A. T. & Boomsma, D. I. Genetic and environmental influences on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adults: a population-based twin-family study. Psychol. Med. 37, 1635\u20131644 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"249_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9339-z","volume":"40","author":"H Katerberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katerberg, H. et al. Symptom dimensions in OCD: item-level factor analysis and heritability estimates. Behav. Genet. 40, 505\u2013517 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"249_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30370","volume":"144B","author":"CA Mathews","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mathews, C. A. et al. Heritability and clinical features of multigenerational families with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet 144B, 174\u2013182 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet"},{"key":"249_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 381, 1371\u20131379 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62129-1"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-018-0249-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-018-0249-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-018-0249-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T06:29:48Z","timestamp":1671517788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-018-0249-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-018-0249-9","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.734041533.793580411","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Laura Park, Annie Dupuis, Christie Burton, Vanessa Sinopoli, Tara Goodale, Janet Shan, Nadine Forget-Dubois, Elizabeth Corfield, S-M Shaheen, Jennifer Crosbie, and Paul Arnold report no conflicts of interest. Russell Schachar owns equity in Ehave, is the Toronto Dominion Bank Financial Group Chair in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and has consulted for Highland Therapeutics, Purdue Pharma, E Lilly Corp, and Ehave.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"191"}}