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Although previous studies have shown that rats with no expression of SERT (SERT\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) have increased baseline anxiety behaviors, SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    rats with low SERT expression (and more relevant to the clinical condition with low SERT expression) do not. Yet, no systematic studies of fear acquisition\/extinction or their underlying neural mechanisms have been conducted in this preclinical genetic SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    model. Here we sought to determine if SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    or SERT\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , compared to wildtype, rats would show exacerbated panic responses and\/or persistent conditioned fear responses that may be associated with PTSD or phobia vulnerability. Results: Only SERT\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    rats showed increased baseline anxiety-like behaviors with heightened panic respiratory responses. However SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    (also SERT\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) rats showed enhanced acquisition of fear and delayed extinction of fear that was associated with changes in serotonergic-related genes (e.g., reduced 5-HT1A receptor) and disrupted inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, the disrupted fear responses in SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    rats were normalized with 5HT1A antagonist infusions into the BLA. Enhanced acquisition and failure to extinguish fear memories displayed by both SERT\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and SERT\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    rats are cardinal symptoms of disabling anxiety disorders such as phobias and PTSD. The data here support the hypothesis that reduced SERT function is a genetic risk that disrupts select gene expression and network properties in the amygdala that could result in vulnerability to these syndromes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0368-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T13:18:50Z","timestamp":1548163130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Assessment of fear and anxiety associated behaviors, physiology and neural circuits in rats with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Philip L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei I.","family":"Molosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Bernabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Haggerty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Fitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Nalivaiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Truitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anantha","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"368_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5th edn. 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