{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:54:27Z","timestamp":1790736867427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutriset, France, TMP Inserm, France"},{"name":"EMES IUT20-40"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a key role in regulation of appetite activated by its main ligand \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH) in both central and peripheral targets. \u03b1-MSH also binds to circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) but the functional significance of such immune complexes (ICs) in MC4R signaling in normal and pathological conditions of altered appetite has remained unknown. To address this question, we analyzed plasma levels, affinity kinetics, and binding epitopes of \u03b1-MSH-reactive IgG extracted from plasma samples of female patients with hyperphagic obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and healthy controls. Ability of \u03b1-MSH\/IgG IC to bind and activate human MC4R were studied in vitro and to influence feeding behavior in vivo in rodents. We found that \u03b1-MSH-reactive IgG were low in obese but increased in anorectic and bulimic patients and displayed different epitope and kinetics of IC formation. Importantly, while \u03b1-MSH\/IgG IC from all subjects were binding and activating MC4R, the receptor binding affinity was decreased in obesity. Additionally, \u03b1-MSH\/IgG IC had lower MC4R-mediated cAMP activation threshold as compared with \u03b1-MSH alone in all but not obese subjects. Furthermore, the cellular internalization rate of \u03b1-MSH\/IgG IC by MC4R-expressing cells was decreased in obese but increased in patients with anorexia nervosa. Moreover, IgG from obese patients prevented central anorexigenic effect of \u03b1-MSH. These findings reveal that MC4R is physiologically activated by IC formed by \u03b1-MSH\/IgG and that different levels and molecular properties of \u03b1-MSH-reactive IgG underlie biological activity of such IC relevant to altered appetite in obesity and eating disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0422-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T17:04:30Z","timestamp":1549991070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Immunoglobulin G modulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in obesity and eating disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"B\u00f4le-Feysot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Breton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo\u00efse","family":"Co\u00ebffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"Akkermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"J\u00e4rv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaanus","family":"Harro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"D\u00e9chelotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergue\u00ef O.","family":"Fetissov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/1791346a0","volume":"179","author":"JI Harris","year":"1957","unstructured":"Harris, J. I. & Lerner, A. B. Amino-acid sequence of the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Nature 179, 1346\u20131347 (1957).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T157","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0014","volume":"56","author":"EJP Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson, E. J. P. et al. 60 Years of POMC: regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by \u03b1-MSH. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 56, T157\u2013T174 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(00)89045-9","volume":"54","author":"AV Vergoni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vergoni, A. V., Schi\u00f6th, H. B. & Bertolini, A. Melanocortins and feeding behavior. Biomed. Pharmacother. 54, 129\u2013134 (2000).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/385165a0","volume":"385","author":"W Fan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fan, W., Boston, B. A., Kesterson, R. A., Hruby, V. J. & Cone, R. D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 385, 165\u2013168 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/12506","volume":"5","author":"L Yaswen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yaswen, L., Diehl, N., Brennan, M. B. & Hochgeschwender, U. Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nat. Med. 5, 1066\u20131070 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81865-6","volume":"88","author":"D Huszar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huszar, D. et al. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 88, 131\u2013141 (1997).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022050","volume":"348","author":"IS Farooqi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Farooqi, I. S. et al. Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1085\u20131095 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13055","volume":"7","author":"AA van der Klaauw","year":"2016","unstructured":"van der Klaauw, A. A. et al. Divergent effects of central melanocortin signalling on fat and sucrose preference in humans. Nat. Commun. 7, 13055 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4011","volume":"18","author":"AS Garfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garfield, A. S. et al. A neural basis for melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated appetite. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 863\u2013871 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.004","volume":"20","author":"L Panaro Brandon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panaro Brandon, L. et al. The melanocortin-4 receptor is expressed in enteroendocrine L cells and regulates the release of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 1 in vivo. Cell Metab. 20, 1018\u20131029 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"422_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3737","volume":"17","author":"ED Berglund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berglund, E. D. et al. Melanocortin 4 receptors in autonomic neurons regulate thermogenesis and glycemia. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 911\u2013913 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"422_CR12","first-page":"131","volume":"5","author":"Z Yilmaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yilmaz, Z., Hardaway, J. A. & Bulik, C. M. Genetics and epigenetics of eating disorders. Adv. Genomics Genet. 5, 131\u2013150 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Genomics Genet."},{"key":"422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222658699","volume":"99","author":"SO Fetissov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fetissov, S. O. et al. Autoantibodies against a-MSH, ACTH, and LHRH in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 17155\u201317160 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.12.006","volume":"24","author":"SO Fetissov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fetissov, S. O. et al. Autoantibodies against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides: putative modulation by gut microflora. Nutrition 24, 348\u2013359 (2008).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.98","volume":"4","author":"N Tennoune","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tennoune, N. et al. Bacterial ClpB heat-shock protein, an antigen-mimetic of the anorexigenic peptide [alpha]-MSH, at the origin of eating disorders. Transl. Psychiatry 4, e458 (2014).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22531","volume":"49","author":"J Breton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breton, J. et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of bacterial ClpB protein in patients with eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 49, 805\u2013808 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507204102","volume":"102","author":"SO Fetissov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fetissov, S. O. et al. Autoantibodies against neuropeptides are associated with psychological traits in eating disorders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 14865\u201314870 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.09.001","volume":"32","author":"S Diano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diano, S. New aspects of melanocortin signaling: a role for PRCP in \u03b1-MSH degradation. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 32, 70\u201383 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.135","volume":"278","author":"MM Ollmann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ollmann, M. M. et al. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science 278, 135\u2013138 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"422_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21873","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.346890","volume":"287","author":"FK McDaniel","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDaniel, F. K. et al. Constitutive cholesterol-dependent endocytosis of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is essential to maintain receptor responsiveness to \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH). J. Biol. Chem. 287, 21873\u201321890 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4202","volume":"19","author":"MJ Krashes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krashes, M. J., Lowell, B. B. & Garfield, A. S. Melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated energy homeostasis. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 206\u2013219 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"422_CR22","unstructured":"DSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn (Am. Psychiatric Assoc., Washington, DC, 1994)."},{"key":"422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3685","volume":"4","author":"K Takagi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takagi, K. et al. Anti-ghrelin immunoglobulins modulate ghrelin stability and its orexigenic effect in obese mice and humans. Nat. Commun. 4, 2685 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Legrand R., Takagi K., Fetissov S. O. Immunoglobulin G preparation from plasma samples and analysis of its affinity kinetic binding to peptide hormones. Protoc. Exch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/protex.2014.004 (2014).","DOI":"10.1038\/protex.2014.004"},{"key":"422_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2013.10.017","volume":"48","author":"N Lucas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas, N. et al. Effects of rabbit anti-a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) immunoglobulins on a-MSH signaling related to food intake control. Neuropeptides 48, 21\u201327 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.02.020","volume":"56","author":"R Legrand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Legrand, R., Lucas, N., Breton, J., D\u00e9chelotte, P. & Fetissov, S. O. Dopamine release in the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated by \u03b1-MSH in both the anticipatory and consummatory phases of feeding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 56, 79\u201387 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"422_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220931","volume":"144","author":"H Shinyama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shinyama, H., Masuzaki, H., Fang, H. & Flier, J. S. Regulation of melanocortin-4 receptor signaling: agonist-mediated desensitization and internalization. Endocrinology 144, 1301\u20131314 (2003).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"422_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.055525","volume":"307","author":"Z Gao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gao, Z. et al. Agonist-dependent internalization of the human melanocortin-4 receptors in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 870\u2013877 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"422_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82452-8","volume":"268","author":"I Gantz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gantz, I. et al. Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15174\u201315179 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"422_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.10.003","volume":"240-241","author":"A Costa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Costa, A. et al. Galanin and alpha-MSH autoantibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 240-241, 114\u2013120 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"422_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.10.109","volume":"660","author":"VJ Hruby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hruby, V. J., Cai, M., Cain, J., Nyberg, J. & Trivedi, D. Design of novel melanocortin receptor ligands: multiple receptors, complex pharmacology, the challenge. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 660, 88\u201393 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.06.031","volume":"59","author":"CL Roth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roth, C. L. et al. Changes of peripheral alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in childhood obesity. Metabolism 59, 186\u2013194 (2010).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"422_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E317","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00077.2011","volume":"301","author":"AC Gerspach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gerspach, A. C., Steinert, R. E., Sch\u00f6nenberger, L., Graber-Maier, A. & Beglinger, C. The role of the gut sweet taste receptor in regulating GLP-1, PYY, and CCK release in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E317\u2013E325 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"422_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122040","volume":"10","author":"B Galusca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galusca, B. et al. Neuropeptide Y and \u03b1-MSH circadian levels in two populations with low body weight: anorexia nervosa and constitutional thinness. PLoS ONE 10, e0122040 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"422_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0665","volume":"146","author":"M Bohm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bohm, M. et al. Detection of functionally active melanocortin receptors and evidence for an immunoregulatory activity of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human dermal papilla cells. Endocrinology 146, 4635\u20134646 (2005).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"422_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00074-X","volume":"216","author":"S Lacroix-Desmazes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lacroix-Desmazes, S. et al. Self-reactive antibodies (natural autoantibodies) in healthy individuals. J. Immunol. Methods 216, 117\u2013137 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"422_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.081","volume":"60","author":"SO Fetissov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fetissov, S. O. et al. Aggressive behavior linked to corticotropin-reactive autoantibodies. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 799\u2013802 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"422_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.09.021","volume":"35","author":"FD Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia, F. D. et al. Autoantibodies reacting with vasopressin and oxytocin in relation to cortisol secretion in mild and moderate depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 118\u2013125 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"422_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.12.011","volume":"59","author":"M Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois, M. et al. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins and anxiety, depression and stress-induced cortisol response in adolescents. The TRAILS study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 59, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"422_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14051","volume":"520","author":"M Ghamari-Langroudi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghamari-Langroudi, M. et al. G-protein-independent coupling of MC4R to Kir7.1 in hypothalamic neurons. Nature 520, 94\u201398 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"422_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40771","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.278374","volume":"286","author":"K Begriche","year":"2011","unstructured":"Begriche, K. et al. Genetic dissection of the functions of the melanocortin-3 receptor, a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor, suggests roles for central and peripheral receptors in energy homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 40771\u201340781 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"422_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.19","volume":"41","author":"R Pandit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pandit, R. et al. Melanocortin 3 receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons increases the motivation for food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, 2241 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"422_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000091737","volume":"82","author":"L Mounien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mounien, L., Bizet, P., Boutelet, I., Vaudry, H. & J\u00e9gou, S. Expression of melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptor mRNAs by neuropeptide Y neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 82, 164\u2013170 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"422_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1993.1059","volume":"120","author":"RD Broadwell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Broadwell, R. D. & Sofroniew, M. V. Serum proteins bypass the blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central nervous system. Exp. Neurol. 120, 245\u2013263 (1993).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"422_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3213","volume":"16","author":"C Lindner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindner, C. et al. Diversification of memory B cells drives the continuous adaptation of secretory antibodies to gut microbiota. Nat. Immunol. 16, 880\u2013888 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"422_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.150","volume":"13","author":"SO Fetissov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fetissov, S. O. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13, 11\u201325 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"422_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060602","volume":"9","author":"Y Lam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam, Y., Maguire, S., Palacios, T. & Caterson, I. Are the gut bacteria telling us to eat or not to eat? Reviewing the role of gut microbiota in the etiology, disease progression and treatment of eating disorders. Nutrients 9, 602 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"422_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00212-X","volume":"349","author":"HB Schi\u00f6th","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schi\u00f6th, H. B., Mutulis, F., Muceniece, R., Prusis, P. & Wikberg, J. E. S. Selective properties of C- and N-terminals and core residues of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone on binding to the human melanocortin receptor subtypes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 349, 359\u2013366 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"422_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, P., et al. Narcolepsy patients have antibodies that stain distinct cell populations in rat brain and influence sleep patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, E3735\u2013E3744 (2014).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412189111"},{"key":"422_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720008115","volume":"115","author":"H V\u00e6r\u00f8y","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00e6r\u00f8y, H. et al. Autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone can alter cortisol secretion in both aggressive and nonaggressive humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E6576\u2013E6584 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0422-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0422-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0422-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T15:28:51Z","timestamp":1671204531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0422-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0422-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.O.F. is a co-founder and consultant of TargEDys, SA. N.L. and R.L. were employees of TargEDys, SA. P.D. is a co-founder of TargEDys, SA and a member of its board and has received research grants from Nestl\u00e9 and Fresenius Kabi and honoraria for speeches and consulting from Nestl\u00e9, Fresenius-Kabi, and Aguettant. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"87"}}