{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:16:53Z","timestamp":1790831813084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been established as an effective and noninvasive method to modulate cognitive function. Nevertheless, the mechanisms causing those cognitive changes under the tDCS remain largely unknown. We strove to elucidate the cognito-biological relation under the tDCS condition by examining whether the dopamine system activated by tDCS is involved in cognitive changes in human participants, or not. To evaluate the dopamine system, we used [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]-raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) scanning: 20 healthy men underwent two [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]-raclopride PET scans and subsequent neuropsychological tests. One scan was conducted after tDCS to the DLPFC. One was conducted after sham stimulation (control). Results of [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]-raclopride PET measurements demonstrate that tDCS to the DLPFC caused dopamine release in the right ventral striatum. Neuropsychological tests for attentiveness revealed that tDCS to the DLPFC-enhanced participants\u2019 accuracy. Moreover, this effect was correlated significantly with dopamine release. This finding provides clinico-biological evidence, demonstrating that enhancement of dopamine signaling by tDCS in the ventral striatum is associated with attention enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0443-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T23:21:44Z","timestamp":1552692104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Endogenous dopamine release under transcranial direct-current stimulation governs enhanced attention: a study with positron emission tomography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Fukai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyasu","family":"Bunai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsu","family":"Hirosawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Minabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuomi","family":"Ouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527, 633\u2013639 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"443_CR2","first-page":"3675","volume":"27","author":"HL Filmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filmer, H. L., Varghese, E., Hawkins, G. E., Mattingley, J. B. & Dux, P. E. Improvements in attention and decision-making following combined behavioral training and brain stimulation. Cereb. Cortex 27, 3675\u20133682 (2017).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"443_CR3","first-page":"21","volume":"66","author":"RT Knight","year":"1995","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., Grabowecky, M. F. & Scabini, D. Role of human prefrontal cortex in attention control. Adv. Neurol. 66, 21\u201334 (1995). discussion-6.","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.022","volume":"117","author":"MJ Imburgio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imburgio, M. J. & Orr, J. M. Effects of prefrontal tDCS on executive function: methodological considerations revealed by meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 117, 156\u2013166 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm098","volume":"18","author":"MF Kuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuo, M. F., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Boosting focally induced brain plasticity by dopamine. Cereb. Cortex 18, 648\u2013651 (2008).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.11.002","volume":"49","author":"C Plewnia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plewnia, C., Zwissler, B., Langst, I., Maurer, B., Giel, K. & Kruger, R. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on executive functions: influence of COMT Val\/Met polymorphism. Cortex 49, 1801\u20131807 (2013).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy093","volume":"28","author":"C Fonteneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fonteneau, C., Redoute, J., Haesebaert, F., Le Bars, D., Costes, N. & Suaud-Chagny, M.F. et al. Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation induces dopamine release in the ventral striatum in human. Cereb. Cortex 28, 2636\u20132646 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.4.470","volume":"57","author":"JO Rinne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rinne, J. O., Portin, R., Ruottinen, H., Nurmi, E., Bergman, J. & Haaparanta, M. et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson disease: [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch. Neurol. 57, 470\u2013475 (2000).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12526","volume":"4","author":"DG Standaert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Standaert, D. G., Rodriguez, R. L., Slevin, J. T., Lobatz, M., Eaton, S. & Chatamra, K. et al. Effect of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel on non-motor symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 4, 829\u2013837 (2017).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.8.932","volume":"64","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Newcorn, J., Telang, F., Solant, M. V. & Fowler, J. S. et al. Depressed dopamine activity in caudate and preliminary evidence of limbic involvement in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 932\u2013940 (2007).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.006","volume":"57","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S. & Ding, Y. S. Imaging the effects of methylphenidate on brain dopamine: new model on its therapeutic actions for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 1410\u20131415 (2005).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","volume":"64","author":"A Diamond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diamond, A. Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64, 135\u2013168 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"443_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt337","volume":"137","author":"L Christopher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christopher, L., Marras, C., Duff-Canning, S., Koshimori, Y., Chen, R. & Boileau, I. et al. Combined insular and striatal dopamine dysfunction are associated with executive deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild cognitive impairment. Brain 137, 565\u2013575 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.889","volume":"60","author":"TE Goldberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goldberg, T. E., Egan, M. F., Gscheidle, T., Coppola, R., Weickert, T. & Kolachaa, B. S. et al. Executive subprocesses in working memory: relationship to catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 889\u2013896 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.1110","volume":"161","author":"A Rosa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosa, A., Peralta, V., Cuesta, M. J., Zarzuela, A., Serrano, F. & Martinez-Larrea, A. et al. New evidence of association between COMT gene and prefrontal neurocognitive function in healthy individuals from sibling pairs discordant for psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1110\u20131112 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01510.x","volume":"60","author":"K Matsuoka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matsuoka, K., Uno, M., Kasai, K., Koyama, K. & Kim, Y. Estimation of premorbid IQ in individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease using Japanese ideographic script (Kanji) compound words: Japanese version of National Adult Reading Test. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 60, 332\u2013339 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001","volume":"21","author":"AP Strafella","year":"2001","unstructured":"Strafella, A. P., Paus, T., Barrett, J. & Dagher, A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J. Neurosci. 21, 157 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.02.004","volume":"2","author":"A Priori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Priori, A., Hallett, M. & Rothwell, J. C. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation? Brain Stimul. 2, 241\u2013245 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6128-4","volume":"259","author":"MA Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. A., Darwish, E. S., Khedr, E. M., El Serogy, Y. M. & Ali, A. M. Effects of low versus high frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function and cortical excitablility in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. J. Neurol. 259, 83\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.141853","volume":"80","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S., Khoury, L. P., Martins, D. C., Martins, O. E., de Macedo, E. C. & Fregni, F. Temporal cortex direct current stimulation enhances performance on a visual recognition memory task in Alzheimer disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 444\u2013447 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175\u2013191 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.011","volume":"6","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K., Kuo, M. F., Hessenthaler, S., Fresnoza, S., Liebetanz, D. & Paulus, W. et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 6, 424\u2013432 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90137-D","volume":"28","author":"AM Owen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Owen, A. M., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Polkey, C. E. & Robbins, T. W. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 28, 1021\u20131034 (1990).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.183","volume":"33","author":"T Nozaki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nozaki, T., Sugiyama, K., Yagi, S., Yoshikawa, E., Kanno, T. & Asakawa, T. et al. Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation during exercise on the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic region in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a positron emission tomography study. J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab. 33, 415\u2013421 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab."},{"key":"443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200206000-00013","volume":"22","author":"Y Ouchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ouchi, Y., Yoshikawa, E., Futatsubashi, M., Okada, H., Torizuka, T. & Sakamoto, M. Effect of simple motor performance on regional dopamine release in the striatum in Parkinson disease patients and healthy subjects: a positron emission tomography study. J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab. 22, 746\u2013752 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab."},{"key":"443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934","volume":"48","author":"H White","year":"1980","unstructured":"White, H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48, 817\u2013838 (1980).","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"443_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025033","volume":"6","author":"A Kakimoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kakimoto, A., Kamekawa, Y., Ito, S., Yoshikawa, E., Okada, H. & Nishizawa, S. et al. New computer-aided diagnosis of dementia using positron emission tomography: brain regional sensitivity-mapping method. PLoS. ONE 6, e25033 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"443_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830210105014","volume":"54","author":"C Gillberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gillberg, C., Melander, H., von Knorring, A. L., Janols, L. O., Thernlund, G. & Hagglof, B. et al. Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54, 857\u2013864 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"443_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.009","volume":"247","author":"CT Cachoeira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cachoeira, C. T., Leffa, D. T., Mittelstadt, S. D., Mendes, L. S. T., Brunoni, A. R. & Pinto, J. V. et al. Positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in adult patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder - a pilot randomized controlled study. Psychiatry Res. 247, 28\u201332 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"443_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1646-y","volume":"124","author":"C Soff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soff, C., Sotnikova, A., Christiansen, H., Becker, K. & Siniatchkin, M. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Neural Transm. 124, 133\u2013144 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"443_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13468","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13468","volume":"93","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. The fractionation of working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13468\u201313472 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"443_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017619","volume":"24","author":"DP McCabe","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCabe, D. P., Roediger, H. L., McDaniel, M. A., Balota, D. A. & Hambrick, D. Z. The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: evidence for a common executive attention construct. Neuropsychology 24, 222\u2013243 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"443_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.08.007","volume":"123","author":"SF Logue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Logue, S. F. & Gould, T. J. The neural and genetic basis of executive function: attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 123, 45\u201354 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0443-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T15:30:34Z","timestamp":1671204634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0443-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0443-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"115"}}