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However, it remains unclear whether OFC functional abnormalities in gambling disorder are accompanied by structural abnormalities. We addressed this question by examining the organization of sulci and gyri in the OFC. This organization is in place very early and stable across life, such that OFC sulcogyral patterns (classified into Types I, II, and III) can be regarded as potential pre-morbid markers of pathological conditions. We gathered structural brain data from nine existing studies, reaching a total of 165 individuals with gambling disorder and 159 healthy controls. Our results, supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics, show that the distribution of OFC sulcogyral patterns is skewed in individuals with gambling disorder, with an increased prevalence of Type II pattern compared with healthy controls. Examination of gambling severity did not reveal any significant relationship between OFC sulcogyral patterns and disease severity. Altogether, our results provide evidence for a skewed distribution of OFC sulcogyral patterns in gambling disorder and suggest that pattern Type II might represent a pre-morbid structural brain marker of the disease. It will be important to investigate more closely the functional implications of these structural abnormalities in future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0520-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T06:02:49Z","timestamp":1564984969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Altered orbitofrontal sulcogyral patterns in gambling disorder: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yansong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boileau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Dreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Gelskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Genauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3457-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho","family":"Joutsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valtteri","family":"Kaasinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Perales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6931-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Romanczuk-Seiferth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian M.","family":"Ruiz de Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartwig R.","family":"Siebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth J.","family":"van Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"van Timmeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8556-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Sescousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.074","volume":"225","author":"A Bischof","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bischof, A. et al. 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V.K. reports a consultancy for Abbvie and honoraria\/travel grants from Orion Pharma, Abbvie, Teva, GE Healthcare, NordicInfu Care AB, and Zambon. H.R.S. has received honoraria as speaker and scientific advisor from Sanofi Genzyme (Denmark), honoraria as senior editor of NeuroImage from Elsevier Publishers (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), royalties as book editor from Springer Publishers (Stuttgart), as well as a research fund from Biogen-idec. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"186"}}