{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:46:51Z","timestamp":1791870411393,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-intervention-related effects have long been recognized in an array of medical interventions, to which surgical procedures like deep-brain stimulation are no exception. While the existence of placebo and micro-lesion effects has been convincingly demonstrated in DBS for major depression and Parkinson\u2019s disease, systematic investigations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are currently lacking. We therefore undertook an individual patient data meta-analysis with the aim of quantifying the effect of DBS for severe, treatment-resistant OCD that is not due to the electrical stimulation of brain tissue. The MEDLINE\/PubMed database was searched for double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trials published in English between 1998 and 2018. Individual patient data was obtained from the original authors and combined in a meta-analysis. We assessed differences from baseline in obsessive-compulsive symptoms following sham treatment, as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Four studies met the inclusion criteria, randomizing 49 patients to two periods of active or sham stimulation. To preclude confounding by period effects, our estimate was based only on data from those patients who underwent sham stimulation first (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924). We found that sham stimulation induced a significant change in the Y-BOCS score (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22123.15, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005), lowering it by 4.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6 points [95% CI\u2009=\u2009(\u22128.0, \u20131.8)]. We conclude that non-stimulation-related effects of DBS exist also in OCD. The identification of the factors determining the magnitude and occurrence of these effects will help to design strategies that will ultimately lead to a betterment of future randomized clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0522-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1564999369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The effects of deep-brain non-stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Koen","family":"Schruers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3384-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijl","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbet","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert. F. G.","family":"Leentjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ackermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Temel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Viechtbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"522_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00502.x","volume":"111","author":"K Schruers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schruers, K., Koning, K., Luermans, J., Haack, M. J. & Griez, E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review of therapeutic perspectives. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 111, 261\u2013271 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"522_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.10.011","volume":"26","author":"A Mulders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mulders, A. et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: neuroanatomical and pathophysiological considerations. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 26, 1909\u20131919 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"522_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","volume":"354","author":"B Nuttin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nuttin, B., Cosyns, P., Demeulemeester, H., Gybels, J. & Meyerson, B. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 354, 1526 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"522_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.064998","volume":"559","author":"T Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, T., Hu, B., Pittman, Q. & Kiss, Z. H. T. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: an intracellular study in rat thalamus. J. Physiol. 559, 301\u2013313 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"522_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1282439","volume":"29","author":"I Graat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graat, I., Figee, M. & Denys, D. The application of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 29, 178\u2013190 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.024","volume":"115","author":"CC McIntyre","year":"2004","unstructured":"McIntyre, C. C., Savasta, M., Kerkerian-Le Goff, L. & Vitek, J. L. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 1239\u20131248 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"522_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.5.1104","volume":"98","author":"D Anderson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson, D. & Ahmed, A. Treatment of patients with intractable obsessive\u2014compulsive disorder with anterior capsular stimulation: case report. J. Neurosurg. 98, 1104\u20131108 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"522_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.4.0682","volume":"101","author":"B Aouizerate","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aouizerate, B. et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive\u2014compulsive disorder and major depression: case report. J. Neurosurg. 101, 682\u2013686 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"522_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000358615.92344.D1","volume":"65","author":"F Jimenez-Ponce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jimenez-Ponce, F. et al. Preliminary study in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with electrical stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle. Neurosurgery 65, 203\u2013209 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"522_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.55","volume":"15","author":"BD Greenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greenberg, B. D. et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule\/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience. Mol. Psychiatry 15, 64\u201379 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-009-0214-8","volume":"31","author":"A Franzini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Franzini, A. et al. Deep-brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in obsessive compulsive disorder: clinical, surgical and electrophysiological considerations in two consecutive patients. Neurol. Sci.: Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol. 31, 353\u2013359 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci.: Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"522_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.042","volume":"57","author":"JL Abelson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abelson, J. L. et al. Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. psychiatry 57, 510\u2013516 (2005).","journal-title":"Biol. psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","volume":"359","author":"L Mallet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mallet, L. et al. Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation in Severe Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder. New Engl. J. Med. 359, 2121\u20132134 (2008).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"522_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.122","volume":"67","author":"D Denys","year":"2010","unstructured":"Denys, D. et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67, 1061\u20131068 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.11.006","volume":"112","author":"W Huff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huff, W. et al. Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: outcomes after one year. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 112, 137\u2013143 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"522_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.028","volume":"67","author":"WK Goodman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goodman, W. K. et al. Deep brain stimulation for intractable obsessive compulsive disorder: pilot study using a blinded, staggered-onset design. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 535\u2013542 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.124","volume":"21","author":"L Luyten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luyten, L., Hendrickx, S., Raymaekers, S., Gabriels, L. & Nuttin, B. Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 1272\u20131280 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR18","unstructured":"Today, M. N. Medtronic receives FDA HDE approval to commercialize the first deep brain stimulation therapy for a psychiatric indication in the USA. USA Today (2009)."},{"key":"522_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133591","volume":"10","author":"P Alonso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alonso, P. et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response. PloS ONE 10, e0133591 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"522_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133591","volume":"10","author":"P Alonso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alonso, P. et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response. PloS ONE 10, e0133591 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"522_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060937","volume":"293","author":"R de la Fuente-Fernandez","year":"2001","unstructured":"de la Fuente-Fernandez, R. Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 293, 1164\u20131166 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"522_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003","volume":"23","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benedetti, F. et al. Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo\/nocebo responses. J. Neurosci. 23, 4315\u20134323 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"522_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20935","volume":"21","author":"R Mercado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mercado, R. et al. Expectation and the placebo effect in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Mov. Disord. 21, 1457\u20131461 (2006).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"522_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetti, F. Placebo Effects. Oxford University Press (2008).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199559121.001.0001"},{"key":"522_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26500","volume":"31","author":"TA Mestre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mestre, T. A., Lang, A. E. & Okun, M. S. Factors influencing the outcome of deep brain stimulation: placebo, nocebo, lessebo, and lesion effects. Mov. Disord. 31, 290\u2013298 (2016).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"522_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senn, S. S. & Senn S. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research. John Wiley & Sons (2002).","DOI":"10.1002\/0470854596"},{"key":"522_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.222","volume":"6","author":"PP de Koning","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Koning, P. P. et al. Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation reactivation on symptoms and neuroendocrine parameters in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 6, e722 (2016).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000981","volume":"44","author":"S Kisely","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kisely, S. et al. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 44, 3533\u20133542 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"522_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0200-8","volume":"13","author":"PP de Koning","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Koning, P. P., Figee, M., van den Munckhof, P., Schuurman, P. R. & Denys, D. Current status of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a clinical review of different targets. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 13, 274\u2013282 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"522_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0214-y","volume":"14","author":"S Kohl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohl, S. et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 14, 214 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90061-9","volume":"34","author":"SW Kim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kim, S. W., Dysken, M. W. & Kuskowski, M. The Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale: a reliability and validity study. Psychiatry Res. 34, 99\u2013106 (1990).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"522_CR32","unstructured":"Team, R. C. R.: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2018)."},{"key":"522_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting Linear Mixed-effects Models Using Lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv:14065823. 2014.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"522_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen R. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82, (2017).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"522_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0809-y","volume":"49","author":"SG Luke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luke, S. G. Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R. Behav. Res. Methods 49, 1494\u20131502 (2017).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"522_CR36","unstructured":"MARCH, JSJJCP. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: treatment of obssesive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 58, 1\u201372 (1997)."},{"issue":"11","key":"522_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"Wayne K. Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman, W. K. et al. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of general psychiatry 46, 1006\u201311 (1989).","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23951","volume":"74","author":"S Little","year":"2013","unstructured":"Little, S. et al. Adaptive deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 74, 449\u2013457 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"522_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200208070-00006","volume":"13","author":"A Pollo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pollo, A. et al. Expectation modulates the response to subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinsonian patients. Neuroreport 13, 1383\u20131386 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"522_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa000827","volume":"345","author":"Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Study Group.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Study Group. Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus or the Pars Interna of the Globus Pallidus in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. New Engl. J. Med. 345, 956\u2013963 (2001).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"522_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2003.10.003","volume":"10","author":"R de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2004","unstructured":"de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez, R. Uncovering the hidden placebo effect in deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park. Relat. Disord. 10, 125\u2013127 (2004).","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"522_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26080","volume":"29","author":"WMM Sch\u00fcpbach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcpbach, W. M. M. et al. Myths and facts about the EARLYSTIM study. Mov. Disord. 29, 1742\u20131750 (2014).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"522_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.023","volume":"78","author":"DD Dougherty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dougherty, D. D. et al. A randomized sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule\/ventral striatum for chronic treatment-resistant depression. Biol. Psychiatry 78, 240\u2013248 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30371-1","volume":"4","author":"PE Holtzheimer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holtzheimer, P. E. et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 839\u2013849 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003873","volume":"35","author":"A Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan, A. et al. Magnitude of placebo response and drug\u2013placebo differences across psychiatric disorders. Psychol. Med. 35, 743\u2013749 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"522_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10390","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benedetti, F., Mayberg, H. S., Wager, T. D., Stohler, C. S. & Zubieta, J. -K. Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect. J. Neurosci. 25, 10390\u201310402 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"522_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21894","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz, C. G. et al. Placebo response in Parkinson\u2019s disease: comparisons among 11 trials covering medical and surgical interventions. Mov. Disord. 23, 690\u2013699 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"522_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.88","volume":"67","author":"SC Lidstone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lidstone, S. C. et al. Effects of expectation on placebo-induced dopamine release in Parkinson disease. Arch. Gen. psychiatry 67, 857 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parastarfeizabadi, M. & Kouzani, A. Z. Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 14, 79 (2017).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0295-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.JNS091627","volume":"113","author":"Christoph J. Griessenauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griessenauer, C. J. et al. Wireless instantaneous neurotransmitter concentration system: electrochemical monitoring of serotonin using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry\u2014a proof-of-principle study. J. Neurosurg. 113, 656\u2013665 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"522_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1872-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, H. et al. Field potential oscillations in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis correlate with compulsion in a rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Neurosci. 36, 10050\u201310059 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"522_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.2","volume":"19","author":"W Neumann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neumann, W. et al. Different patterns of local field potentials from limbic DBS targets in patients with major depressive and obsessive compulsive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 19, 1186 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"522_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317082","volume":"89","author":"Ausaf A Bari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bari, A. et al. Charting the road forward in psychiatric neurosurgery: proceedings of the 2016 American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery workshop on neuromodulation for psychiatricdisorders. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 89, 886\u2013896 (2018).","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR54","unstructured":"Bingley, T., Leksell L., Meyerson B., & Rylander, G. Stereotactic anterior capsulotomy in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive states. Surgical Approaches in Psychiatry. Medical and Technical Publishing, Lancaster 159\u201364 (1973)."},{"key":"522_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippitz, B., Mindus, P., Meyerson, B. A., Kihlstr\u00f6m, L. & Lindquist, C. in Advances in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Vol. 12, 61\u201363 (Springer, Vienna, 1997).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6513-3_11"},{"key":"522_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159558","volume":"80","author":"JM Mann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mann, J. M. et al. Brain penetration effects of microelectrodes and DBS leads in STN or GPi. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 794\u2013798 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"522_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70308-8","volume":"11","author":"MS Okun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okun, M. S. et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 11, 140\u2013149 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"522_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000342161","volume":"91","author":"T Tykocki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tykocki, T., Nauman, P., Koziara, H. & Mandat, T. Microlesion effect as a predictor of the effectiveness of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 91, 12\u201317 (2013).","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"522_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21596","volume":"65","author":"MS Okun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okun, M. S. et al. Cognition and mood in Parkinson\u2019s disease in subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation: The COMPARE Trial. Ann. Neurol. 65, 586\u2013595 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"522_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.11.003","volume":"51","author":"M Aiello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aiello, M. et al. Emotion recognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease after subthalamic deep brain stimulation: differential effects of microlesion and STN stimulation. Cortex 51, 35\u201345 (2014).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"522_CR61","first-page":"95","volume":"5","author":"F Le Goff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le Goff, F. et al. Decline in verbal fluency after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a microlesion effect of the electrode trajectory? J. Park. Dis. 5, 95\u2013104 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0522-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0522-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0522-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T15:38:39Z","timestamp":1671205119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0522-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0522-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"183"}}