{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T16:58:34Z","timestamp":1769014714501,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Late-life depression, as a potential marker of pre-dementia, has seldom been explored by symptom dimension and sex, despite sexual dimorphic differences. This study aimed to examine whether specific depressive dimensions were associated with pre-Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia (pre-AD), separately for women and men. Data were drawn from 5617 (58% women) community-dwellers aged 65+ recruited in 1999\u20132000 and followed at 2-year intervals for 12 years. We used Cox proportional hazard models to study associations between time-dependent Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) symptom dimensions (namely somatic, depressed, positive affect, and interpersonal challenge) and pre-AD, defined retrospectively from validated diagnoses established 3.5 (IQR: 3.2\u20134.0) years onwards. Analyses were performed according to overall depressive symptomatology (DS+: CES-D score\u2009\u2265\u200916) and antidepressant\/anxiolytic medication use (AA). Results indicated that in DS+\u2009women only, all four dimensions were significantly associated with pre-AD in the AA- group, in particular somatic item \u2018Mind\u2019 and depressed affect items \u2018Depressed\u2019 and \u2018Blues\u2019. The most depression-specific dimension, depressed affect, was also significantly associated with pre-AD in the DS\u2013 AA- women (HR:1.28, 95%CI: 1.12;1.47). In both sexes, in the DS\u2013 groups somatic affect was the most robust pre-AD marker, irrespective of treatment (women: HR\u2009=\u20091.22, 95%CI: 1.08;1.38; men: HR\u2009=\u20091.30, 95%CI: 1.14;1.48). Our findings highlight sex-specific associations between depressive symptom dimensions and pre-AD, modulated by depressive symptomatology and treatment. Assessment of specific symptom dimensions taking into account overall symptomatology and treatment could help identify and target high-risk AD-dementia profiles for interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0620-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T13:03:29Z","timestamp":1573477409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sex-specific depressive symptoms as markers of pre-Alzheimer dementia: findings from the Three-City cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Norton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Carri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"P\u00e9r\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Gabelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Berr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1149-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Ancelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307","volume":"202","author":"BS Diniz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diniz, B. S., Butters, M. A., Albert, S. M., Dew, M. A. & Reynolds, C. F. 3rd. Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 202, 329\u2013335 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01348-3","volume":"52","author":"CG Lyketsos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyketsos, C. G. & Olin, J. Depression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: overview and treatment. Biol. Psychiatry 52, 243\u2013252 (2002).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2086","volume":"162","author":"SE Starkstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Starkstein, S. E., Jorge, R., Mizrahi, R. & Robinson, R. G. The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 2086\u20132093 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.60","volume":"7","author":"AL Byers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Byers, A. L. & Yaffe, K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 7, 323\u2013331 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"620_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.86","volume":"68","author":"G Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. Temporal relationship between depression and dementia: findings from a large community-based 15-year follow-up study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 970\u2013977 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0660","volume":"74","author":"A Singh-Manoux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh-Manoux, A. et al. Trajectories of depressive symptoms before diagnosis of dementia: a 28-year follow-up study. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 712\u2013718 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.006","volume":"10","author":"SS Mirza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirza, S. S. et al. Depressive symptoms predict incident dementia during short- but not long-term follow-up period. Alzheimers Dement. 10(5 Suppl), S323\u2013S9 e1 (2014).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1481","volume":"69","author":"DE Barnes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnes, D. E. et al. Midlife vs late-life depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: differential effects for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69, 493\u2013498 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.90","volume":"7","author":"OP Almeida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almeida, O. P., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J. & Flicker, L. Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia. Transl. Psychiatry 7, e1117 (2017).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51352.x","volume":"51","author":"R Fuhrer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fuhrer, R., Dufouil, C., Dartigues, J. F. & Study, P. Exploring sex differences in the relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia incidence: prospective results from the PAQUID Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51, 1055\u20131063 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"620_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09989","volume":"77","author":"K Ritchie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ritchie, K. et al. The clinical picture of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the decade before diagnosis: clinical and biomarker trajectories. J. Clin. Psychiatry 77, e305\u2013e311 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0004","volume":"73","author":"AR Kaup","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaup, A. R. et al. Trajectories of depressive symptoms in older adults and risk of dementia. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 525\u2013531 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21509","volume":"64","author":"H Amieva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amieva, H. et al. Prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann. Neurol. 64, 492\u2013498 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"620_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezzati A., Katz M. J., Derby C. A., Zimmerman M. E., Lipton R. B. Depressive symptoms predict incident dementia in a community sample of older adults: results from the einstein aging study. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 10, 891988718824036 (2019)","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988718824036"},{"key":"620_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e620c5","volume":"75","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilson, R. S. et al. Temporal course of depressive symptoms during the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 75, 21\u201326 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"620_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m06962","volume":"73","author":"N Mossaheb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mossaheb, N. et al. Are specific symptoms of depression predictive of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia? J. Clin. Psychiatry 73, 1009\u20131015 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2631","volume":"26","author":"K Engedal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Engedal, K., Barca, M. L., Laks, J. & Selbaek, G. Depression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: specificity of depressive symptoms using three different clinical criteria. Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 26, 944\u2013951 (2011).","journal-title":"Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988715606235","volume":"29","author":"A Lugtenburg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lugtenburg, A., Zuidersma, M., Oude Voshaar, R. C. & Schoevers, R. A. Symptom dimensions of depression and 3-year incidence of dementia: results from the amsterdam study of the elderly. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 29, 99\u2013107 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182405ac4","volume":"74","author":"RM Carney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carney, R. M. & Freedland, K. E. Are somatic symptoms of depression better predictors of cardiac events than cognitive symptoms in coronary heart disease? Psychosom. Med. 74, 33\u201338 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"620_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000063","volume":"44","author":"R de Miranda Azevedo","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Miranda Azevedo, R., Roest, A. M., Hoen, P. W. & de Jonge, P. Cognitive\/affective and somatic\/affective symptoms of depression in patients with heart disease and their association with cardiovascular prognosis: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 44, 2689\u20132703 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"620_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.06.004","volume":"41","author":"BT Baune","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baune, B. T., Suslow, T., Arolt, V. & Berger, K. The relationship between psychological dimensions of depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning in the elderly - the MEMO-Study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41, 247\u2013254 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"620_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.027","volume":"201","author":"A Brailean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brailean, A. et al. Late-life depression symptom dimensions and cognitive functioning in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). J. Affect Disord. 201, 171\u2013178 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"620_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200203000-00003","volume":"10","author":"JTSL Olin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olin, J. T. S. L. et al. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 10, 125\u2013128 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068848","volume":"8","author":"LA Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson, L. A., Hall, J. R. & O\u2019Bryant, S. E. A depressive endophenotype of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 8, e68848 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"620_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20405","volume":"57","author":"G Dal Forno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dal Forno, G. et al. Depressive symptoms, sex, and risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann. Neurol. 57, 381\u2013387 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"620_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058067","volume":"8","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carleton, R. N. et al. The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: a review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure. PLoS ONE 8, e58067 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"620_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.521","volume":"17","author":"M Kockler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kockler, M. & Heun, R. Gender differences of depressive symptoms in depressed and nondepressed elderly persons. Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17, 65\u201372 (2002).","journal-title":"Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181594cb7","volume":"195","author":"SE Romans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Romans, S. E., Tyas, J., Cohen, M. M. & Silverstone, T. Gender differences in the symptoms of major depressive disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 195, 905\u2013911 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"620_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.06.009","volume":"89","author":"A Wenzel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenzel, A., Steer, R. A. & Beck, A. T. Are there any gender differences in frequency of self-reported somatic symptoms of depression? J. Affect Disord. 89, 177\u2013181 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"620_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.02.008","volume":"60","author":"FM Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang, F. M. & Jones, R. N. Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was successfully replicated using latent variable modeling. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 60, 1195\u20131200 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"620_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.12.007","volume":"43","author":"FM Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang, F. M., Tommet, D. & Jones, R. N. Disparities in self-reported geriatric depressive symptoms due to sociodemographic differences: an extension of the bi-factor item response theory model for use in differential item functioning. J. Psychiatr. Res. 43, 1025\u20131035 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"620_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000072920","volume":"22","author":"The 3C Study Group.","year":"2003","unstructured":"The 3C Study Group. Vascular factors and risk of dementia: design of the Three-City Study and baseline characteristics of the study population. Neuroepidemiology 22, 316\u2013325 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"620_CR33","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1994)."},{"issue":"3","key":"620_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"Lenore Sawyer Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psycholog. Measurement 1, 385\u2013401 (1977).","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"620_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537606","volume":"20","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. J. Youth Adolesc. 20, 149\u2013166 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"620_CR36","first-page":"123","volume-title":"J Clin Psychol.","author":"AB Shafer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shafer, A. B. Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. J Clin Psychol. 62, 123\u2013146 (2006)."},{"key":"620_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.04.011","volume":"68","author":"ML Ancelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ancelin, M. L. et al. Gender and genotype modulation of the association between lipid levels and depressive symptomatology in community-dwelling elderly (the ESPRIT study). Biol. Psychiatry 68, 125\u2013132 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lecrubier, Y. et al. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a short diagnostic interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur. Psychiatry 12, 232\u2013241 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"620_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3667-7","volume":"27","author":"I Carriere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carriere, I. et al. Patterns of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and risk of falls and fractures in community-dwelling elderly people: the Three-City cohort. Osteoporos. Int. 27, 3187\u20133195 (2016).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"620_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. Mini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189\u2013198 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"620_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/096382800296665","volume":"22","author":"P Barberger-Gateau","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barberger-Gateau, P., Rainville, C., Letenneur, L. & Dartigues, J. F. A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach. Disabil. Rehabil. 22, 308\u2013317 (2000).","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"620_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/21.4.556","volume":"21","author":"I Rosow","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rosow, I. & Breslau, N. A Guttman health scale for the aged. J. Gerontol. 21, 556\u2013559 (1966).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"620_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton, M. P. & Brody, E. M. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9, 179\u2013186 (1969).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"620_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/10.1_Part_1.20","volume":"10","author":"S Katz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Katz, S., Downs, T. D., Cash, H. R. & Grotz, R. C. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist 10, 20\u201330 (1970).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"620_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980915)17:17<1973::AID-SIM892>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"17","author":"D Commenges","year":"1998","unstructured":"Commenges, D., Letenneur, L., Joly, P., Alioum, A. & Dartigues, J. F. Modelling age-specific risk: application to dementia. Stat. Med. 17, 1973\u20131988 (1998).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"620_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.364","volume":"59","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wilson, R. S. et al. Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons. Neurology 59, 364\u2013370 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"620_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796003510","volume":"27","author":"AT Beekman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beekman, A. T. et al. Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychol. Med. 27, 231\u2013235 (1997).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"620_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51373.x","volume":"51","author":"GS Alexopoulos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alexopoulos, G. S. Vascular disease, depression, and dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51, 1178\u20131180 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"620_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337481100","volume":"100","author":"GM MacQueen","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacQueen, G. M. et al. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1387\u20131392 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"620_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0767399X00001590","volume":"4","author":"R Fuhrer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fuhrer, R. & Rouillon, F. La version fran\u00e7aise de l'\u00e9chelle CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale). Description et traduction de l'\u00e9chelle d'auto\u00e9valuation. Psychiatr. Psychobiol. 4, 163\u2013166 (1989).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Psychobiol."},{"key":"620_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"167","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. & Ding, P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann. Intern Med. 167, 268\u2013274 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0620-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0620-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0620-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T15:53:29Z","timestamp":1671206009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0620-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0620-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"291"}}