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We examined 130 depressed patients (58 treatment-resistant, 36 antidepressant-responsive and 36 currently untreated) and 40 healthy controls from the BIODEP study, and used whole-blood mRNA qPCR to measure the expression of 16 candidate mRNAs, some never measured before: interleukin (\n                    <jats:italic>IL)-1-beta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-alpha<\/jats:italic>\n                    , macrophage inhibiting factor (\n                    <jats:italic>MIF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), glucocorticoid receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>SGK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>FKBP5<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the purinergic receptor\n                    <jats:italic>P2RX7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL12<\/jats:italic>\n                    , c-reactive protein (\n                    <jats:italic>CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), alpha-2-macroglobulin (\n                    <jats:italic>A2M<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), acquaporin-4 (\n                    <jats:italic>AQP4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>ISG15<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>STAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>USP-18<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All genes but\n                    <jats:italic>AQP4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ISG15<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>USP-18<\/jats:italic>\n                    were differentially regulated. Treatment-resistant and drug-free depressed patients had both increased inflammasome activation (higher\n                    <jats:italic>P2RX7<\/jats:italic>\n                    and proinflammatory cytokines\/chemokines mRNAs expression) and glucocorticoid resistance (lower\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and higher\n                    <jats:italic>FKBP5<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNAs expression), while responsive patients had an intermediate phenotype with, additionally, lower\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL12<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Most interestingly, using binomial logistics models we found that a signature of six mRNAs (\n                    <jats:italic>P2RX7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-1-beta, IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-alpha, CXCL12<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) distinguished treatment-resistant from responsive patients, even after adjusting for other variables that were different between groups, such as a trait- and state-anxiety, history of childhood maltreatment and serum CRP. Future studies should replicate these findings in larger, longitudinal cohorts, and test whether this mRNA signature can identify patients that are more likely to respond to adjuvant strategies for treatment-resistant depression, including combinations with anti-inflammatory medications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00874-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T20:02:21Z","timestamp":1595448141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Whole-blood expression of inflammasome- and glucocorticoid-related mRNAs correctly separates treatment-resistant depressed patients from drug-free and responsive patients in the BIODEP study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorinda","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Enache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Kose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna P.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Nettis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naghmeh","family":"Nikkheslat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Sforzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Worrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5214-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Zajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Cattane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Lopizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Mazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Pointon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Cowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne C.","family":"Drevets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Mondelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Bullmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Neuroimmunology of Mood Disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (NIMA) Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9132-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine M.","family":"Pariante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haapakoski R., Mathieu J., Ebmeier K. 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