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Here, we investigated the evolutionary conserved role of NCAM-1 in learning and memory. First, we investigated sustained changes in ncam-1 expression following aversive olfactory conditioning in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> using molecular genetic methods. Furthermore, we examined the link between epigenetic signatures of the NCAM1 gene and memory in two human samples of healthy individuals (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009568 and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009319) and in two samples of traumatized individuals (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009350 and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009463). We found that olfactory conditioning in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> induced ncam-1 expression and that loss of ncam-1 function selectively impaired associative long-term memory, without causing acquisition, sensory, or short-term memory deficits. Reintroduction of the <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> or human NCAM1 fully rescued memory impairment, suggesting a conserved role of NCAM1 for memory. In parallel, DNA methylation of the NCAM1 promoter in two independent healthy Swiss cohorts was associated with memory performance. In two independent Sub-Saharan populations of conflict zone survivors who had faced severe trauma, DNA methylation at an alternative promoter of the NCAM1 gene was associated with traumatic memories. Our results support a role of NCAM1 in associative memory in nematodes and humans, and might, ultimately, be helpful in elucidating diagnostic markers or suggest novel therapy targets for memory-related disorders, like PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00899-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T14:03:59Z","timestamp":1594044239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Evolutionary conserved role of neural cell adhesion molecule-1 in memory"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanja","family":"Vukojevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlina","family":"Mastrandreas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0077-5653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7847-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris-T.","family":"Kolassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wilker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Elbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique J.-F.","family":"de Quervain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2210-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Papassotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Stetak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"899_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021741","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021741","volume":"7","author":"CM Alberini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alberini, C. 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