{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:18:52Z","timestamp":1787530732669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA00242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA00242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rates of suicidal behavior are increasing in the United States and identifying causal risk factors continues to be a public health priority. Observational literature has shown that educational attainment (EA) and cognitive performance (CP) influence suicide attempt risk; however, the causal nature of these relationships is unknown. Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of EA, CP, and suicide attempt risk with &gt; 815,000 combined white participants of European ancestry, we performed multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to disentangle the effects of EA and CP on attempted suicide. In single-variable MR (SVMR), EA and CP appeared to reduce suicide attempt risk (EA odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in EA (4.2 years), 0.524, 95% CI, 0.412\u20130.666,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.07\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; CP OR per SD increase in standardized score, 0.714, 95% CI, 0.577\u20130.885,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Conversely, bidirectional analyses found no effect of a suicide attempt on EA or CP. Using various multivariable MR (MVMR) models, EA seems to be the predominant risk factor for suicide attempt risk with the independent effect (OR, 0.342, 95% CI, 0.206\u20130.568,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.61\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while CP had no effect (OR, 1.182, 95% CI, 0.842\u20131.659,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.333). In additional MVMR analyses accounting simultaneously for potential behavioral and psychiatric mediators (tobacco smoking; alcohol consumption; and self-reported nerves, tension, anxiety, or depression), the effect of EA was little changed (OR, 0.541, 95% CI, 0.421\u20130.696,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.33\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Consistency of results across complementary MR methods accommodating different assumptions about genetic pleiotropy strengthened causal inference. Our results show that even after accounting for psychiatric disorders and behavioral mediators, EA, but not CP, may causally influence suicide attempt risk among white individuals of European ancestry, which could have important implications for health policy and programs aimed at reducing the increasing rates of suicide. Future work is necessary to examine the EA\u2013suicide relationship populations of different ethnicities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01047-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T11:06:37Z","timestamp":1604919997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Educational attainment reduces the risk of suicide attempt among individuals with and without psychiatric disorders independent of cognition: a bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study with more than 815,000 participants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Rosoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Kaminsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk W.","family":"Lohoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","volume":"388","author":"Collaborators GMaCoD.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collaborators GMaCoD. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388, 1459\u20131544 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1047_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"330","author":"H Hedegaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hedegaard, H., Curtin, S. C. & Warner, M. Suicide Mortality in the United States 1999-2017. NCHS Data Brief. 330, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"key":"1047_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.3.193","volume":"181","author":"D Owens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Owens, D., Horrocks, J. & House, A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br. J. Psychiatry 181, 193\u2013199 (2002).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6438a4","volume":"64","author":"TS, Curtis Florence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Curtis Florence, T. S., Haegerich, T., Luo, F. & Zhou, C. Estimated lifetime medical and work-loss costs of fatal injuries \u2014 United States, 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64, 1074\u20131077 (2015).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"1047_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00074","volume":"11","author":"B Ludwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ludwig, B., Roy, B., Wang, Q., Birur, B. & Dwivedi, Y. The life span model of suicide and its neurobiological foundation. Front Neurosci. 11, 74\u201374. (2017).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"1047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.03.015","volume":"53","author":"KA Ports","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ports, K. A. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and suicide risk: toward comprehensive prevention. Am. J. Prev. Med. 53, 400\u2013403 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2582","volume":"74","author":"M Olfson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olfson, M. et al. National trends in suicide attempts among adults in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 1095\u20131103 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20170","volume":"13","author":"MC Clarke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clarke, M. C. et al. The impact of adolescent cannabis use, mood disorder and lack of education on attempted suicide in young adulthood. World Psychiatry 13, 322\u2013323 (2014).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-20","volume":"7","author":"OS Dalgard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dalgard, O. S., Mykletun, A., Rognerud, M., Johansen, R. & Zahl, P. H. Education, sense of mastery and mental health: results from a nation wide health monitoring study in Norway. BMC Psychiatry 7, 20 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2012.712841","volume":"20","author":"DJ Drum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drum, D. J. & Denmark, A. B. Campus suicide prevention: bridging paradigms and forging partnerships. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 20, 209\u2013221 (2012).","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.030","volume":"186","author":"P Mortier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mortier, P. et al. The impact of lifetime suicidality on academic performance in college freshmen. J. Affect Disord. 186, 254\u2013260 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1047_CR12","first-page":"179","volume":"62","author":"AE Crosby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crosby, A. E., Ortega, L. & Stevens, M. R. Suicides - United States, 2005-2009.MMWR Suppl. 62, 179\u2013183 (2013).","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl."},{"key":"1047_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.1.49","volume":"187","author":"V Lorant","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lorant, V., Kunst, A. E., Huisman, M., Costa, G. & Mackenbach, J. Socio-economic inequalities in suicide: a European comparative study. Br. J. Psychiatry 187, 49\u201354 (2005).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.04.010","volume":"53","author":"JA Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips, J. A. & Hempstead, K. Differences in U.S. suicide rates by educational attainment, 2000-2014. Am. J. Prev. Med. 53, e123\u2013e130 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.101601","volume":"63","author":"O Abdel-Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman, O. Socioeconomic predictors of suicide risk among cancer patients in the United States: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol. 63, 101601 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0746","volume":"31","author":"SJ Olshansky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olshansky, S. J. et al. Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Aff. 31, 1803\u20131813 (2012).","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"1047_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.02.001","volume":"35","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P. & Fernandes, C. Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence 35, 13\u201321 (2007).","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"1047_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2793","volume":"11","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deary, I. J., Penke, L. & Johnson, W. The neuroscience of human intelligence differences. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 201\u2013211 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1047_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.004","volume":"225","author":"M Gorlyn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorlyn, M. et al. Treatment-related improvement in neuropsychological functioning in suicidal depressed patients: paroxetine vs. bupropion. Psychiatry Res. 225, 407\u2013412 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1047_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180f6338d","volume":"16","author":"AY Dombrovski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dombrovski, A. Y. et al. Cognitive performance in suicidal depressed elderly: preliminary report. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 16, 109\u2013115 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-0811-1","volume":"258","author":"J Westheide","year":"2008","unstructured":"Westheide, J. et al. Executive performance of depressed suicide attempters: the role of suicidal ideation. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 258, 414\u2013421 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1047_CR22","first-page":"31","volume":"73","author":"EE Leamer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Leamer, E. E. Let\u2019s take the con out of econometrics. Am. Econ. Rev. 73, 31\u201343 (1983).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"1047_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. & Ebrahim, S. \u2018Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidemiol. 32, 1\u201322 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.1.1","volume":"30","author":"GD Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. & Ebrahim, S. Epidemiology - is it time to call it a day? Int. J. Epidemiol. 30, 1\u201311 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90155-3","volume":"44","author":"AN Phillips","year":"1991","unstructured":"Phillips, A. N. & Smith, G. D. How independent are independent effects - relative risk-estimation when correlated exposures are measured imprecisely. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44, 1223\u20131231 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.409","volume":"60","author":"J Westman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westman, J., Hasselstrom, J., Johansson, S. E. & Sundquist, J. The influences of place of birth and socioeconomic factors on attempted suicide in a defined population of 4.5 million people. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 409\u2013414 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.765","volume":"160","author":"P Qin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Qin, P., Agerbo, E. & Mortensen, P. B. Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981-1997. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 765\u2013772 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms1604593","volume":"374","author":"LE Bothwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bothwell, L. E., Greene, J. A., Podolsky, S. H. & Jones, D. S. Assessing the gold standard \u2014 lessons from the history of RCTs. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 2175\u20132181 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith, G. & Hemani, G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, R89\u2013R98 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1047_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0181-y","volume":"6","author":"GD Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health. Genes Nutr. 6, 27\u201343 (2011).","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"1047_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00158","volume":"7","author":"B Mirkovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirkovic, B. et al. Genetic association studies of suicidal behavior: a review of the past 10\u2009years, progress, limitations, and future directions. Front. Psychiatry 7, 158\u2013158. (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18080957","volume":"176","author":"N Mullins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mullins, N. et al. GWAS of suicide attempt in psychiatric disorders and association with major depression polygenic risk scores. Am. J. Psychiatry 176, 651\u2013660 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.02.005","volume":"41","author":"RJ Strawbridge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strawbridge, R. J. et al. Identification of novel genome-wide associations for suicidality in UK Biobank, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders and polygenic association with completed suicide. EBioMedicine 41, 517\u2013525 (2019).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1047_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R., Munafo, M. R., Davey Smith, G. & Wootton, R. E. Examining the effect of smoking on suicidal ideation and attempts: a triangulation of epidemiological approaches. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2020: 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1101\/19007013"},{"key":"1047_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17671","volume":"533","author":"A Okbay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okbay, A. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 533, 539\u2013542 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1047_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M940","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.9.M940","volume":"59","author":"AF Kramer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kramer, A. F., Bherer, L., Colcombe, S. J., Dong, W. & Greenough, W. T. Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging. J. Gerontol. 59, M940\u2013M957 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"1047_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","volume":"50","author":"JJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, J. J. et al. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat. Genet. 50, 1112\u20131121 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1047_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.244","volume":"22","author":"JW Trampush","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trampush, J. W. et al. GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium. Mol. Psychiatry 22, 336\u2013345 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosoff, D. B. et al. Educational attainment impacts drinking behaviors and risk for alcohol dependence: results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study with ~780,000 participants. Mol. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0535-9 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0535-9"},{"key":"1047_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy131","volume":"47","author":"SH Gage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gage, S. H., Bowden, J., Smith, G. D. & Munafo, M. R. Investigating causality in associations between education and smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 47, 1131\u20131140 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy262","volume":"48","author":"E Sanderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanderson, E., Davey Smith, G., Windmeijer, F. & Bowden, J. An examination of multivariable Mendelian randomization in the single-sample and two-sample summary data settings. Int J. Epidemiol. 48, 713\u2013727 (2019).","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43990","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43990","volume":"8","author":"NM Davies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davies, N. M. et al. Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health. Elife 8, e43990 (2019).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1047_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1855","volume":"365","author":"AR Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter, A. R. et al. Understanding the consequences of education inequality on cardiovascular disease: mendelian randomisation study. BMJ 365, l1855 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1047_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3542","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3542","volume":"358","author":"T Tillmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tillmann, T. et al. Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation study. BMJ. 358, j3542 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1047_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz200","volume":"48","author":"D Gill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gill, D., Efstathiadou, A., Cawood, K., Tzoulaki, I. & Dehghan, A. Education protects against coronary heart disease and stroke independently of cognitive function: evidence from Mendelian randomization. Int. J. Epidemiol. 48, 1468\u20131477 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","volume":"181","author":"S Burgess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgess, S. & Thompson, S. G. Multivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects. Am. J. Epidemiol. 181, 251\u2013260 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003062","volume":"17","author":"TG Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson, T. G. et al. Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: a multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis. PLoS Med. 17, e1003062 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"1047_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10679-y","volume":"10","author":"E Sanderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanderson, E., Davey Smith, G., Bowden, J. & Munaf\u00f2, M. R. Mendelian randomisation analysis of the effect of educational attainment and cognitive ability on smoking behaviour. Nat. Commun. 10, 2949 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1047_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0218-y","volume":"25","author":"A Erlangsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erlangsen, A. et al. Genetics of suicide attempts in individuals with and without mental disorders: a population-based genome-wide association study. Mol Psychiatry. 25, 2410\u20132421 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"1047_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49962","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49962","volume":"9","author":"TT Morris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris, T. T., Davies, N. M. & Davey Smith, G. Can education be personalised using pupils\u2019 genetic data?. Elife 9, e49962 (2020).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1047_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-017-0001-5","volume":"24","author":"WD Hill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hill, W. D. et al. A combined analysis of genetically correlated traits identifies 187 loci and a role for neurogenesis and myelination in intelligence. Mol. Psychiatry 24, 169\u2013181 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsworth, B. et al. MRC IEU UK Biobank GWAS Pipeline Version 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5523\/bris.2fahpksont1zi26xosyamqo8rr (2017). Retrieved Feb 2 2019.","DOI":"10.5523\/bris.2fahpksont1zi26xosyamqo8rr"},{"key":"1047_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.153","volume":"22","author":"TK Clarke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clarke, T. K. et al. Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and genetic overlap with other health-related traits in UK Biobank (N=112\u2009117). Mol. Psychiatry 22, 1376\u20131384 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2508","volume":"76","author":"SE Legge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Legge, S. E. et al. Association of genetic liability to psychotic experiences with neuropsychotic disorders and traits. JAMA Psychiatry 76, 1256\u20131265 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03819-3","volume":"9","author":"DM Howard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howard, D. M. et al. Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways. Nat. Commun. 9, 1470 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1047_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"S Ripke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1047_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw181","volume":"25","author":"L Hou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hou, L. et al. Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 25, 3383\u20133394 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1047_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.12.021","volume":"96","author":"H Aschard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aschard, H., Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, B. J., Joshi, A. D., Price, A. L. & Kraft, P. Adjusting for heritable covariates can bias effect estimates in genome-wide association studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 96, 329\u2013339 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1047_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210394459","volume":"21","author":"TM Palmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palmer, T. M. et al. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 21, 223\u2013242 (2012).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"1047_CR60","unstructured":"Sanderson, E., Spiller, W. & Bowden, J. Testing and correcting for weak and pleiotropic instruments in two-sample multivariable mendelian randomisation. Preprint at https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.02.021980v1."},{"key":"1047_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Davies, N. M. & Thompson, S. G. Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 597\u2013608 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","volume":"7","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani, G. et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife 7, e34408 (2018).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1047_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Smith, G. D. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44, 512\u2013525 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR64","first-page":"1961","volume":"45","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davey Smith, G. et al. Assessing the suitability of summary data for two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using MR-Egger regression: the role of the I2 statistic. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 1961\u20131974 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey, Smith, G., Haycock, P. C. & Burgess, S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 304\u2013314 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G. & Bowden, J. Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 1985\u20131998 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7492","volume":"36","author":"JMB Rees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rees, J. M. B., Wood, A. M. & Burgess, S. Extending the MR-Egger method for multivariable Mendelian randomization to correct for both measured and unmeasured pleiotropy. Stat. Med. 36, 4705\u20134718 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization. Stat. Med. 36, 1783\u20131802 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy258","volume":"48","author":"J Bowden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. Improving the accuracy of two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization: moving beyond the NOME assumption. Int J. Epidemiol. 48, 728\u2013742 (2019).","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck, M., Chen, C. Y., Neale, B. & Do, R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat. Genet. 50, 693\u2013698 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1047_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9","volume":"567","author":"V Amrhein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amrhein, V., Greenland, S. & McShane, B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 567, 305\u2013307 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1047_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15070854","volume":"173","author":"JM Bostwick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R. & McKean, A. J. Suicide attempt as a risk factor for completed suicide: even more lethal than we knew. Am. J. Psychiatry 173, 1094\u20131100 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, E. L. et al. Education, intelligence and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from a multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Int. J. Epidemiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz280 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz280"},{"key":"1047_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","volume":"112","author":"A Case","year":"2015","unstructured":"Case, A. & Deaton, A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 15078 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1047_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","volume":"39","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zajacova, A. & Lawrence, E. M. The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annu Rev. Public Health 39, 273\u2013289 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"1047_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.052","volume":"127","author":"JM Fletcher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fletcher, J. M. New evidence of the effects of education on health in the US: compulsory schooling laws revisited. Soc. Sci. Med. 127, 101\u2013107 (2015).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0279-y","volume":"2","author":"NM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Smith, G. D., van den Berg, G. J. & Windmeijer, F. The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 117\u2013125 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"1047_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/sjoe.12130","volume":"118","author":"UG Gerdtham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerdtham, U. G., Lundborg, P., Lyttkens, C. H. & Nystedt, P. Do education and income really explain inequalities in health? Applying a twin design. Scand. J. Econ. 118, 25\u201348 (2016).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"key":"1047_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0489-3","volume":"53","author":"P Lundborg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lundborg, P., Lyttkens, C. H. & Nystedt, P. The effect of schooling on mortality: new evidence from 50,000 Swedish twins. Demography 53, 1135\u20131168 (2016).","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"1047_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002423","volume":"50","author":"N Hansson Bitt\u00e1r","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansson Bitt\u00e1r, N., Falkstedt, D. & S\u00f6rberg Wallin, A. How intelligence and emotional control are related to suicidal behavior across the life course \u2013 A register-based study with 38-year follow-up. Psychol. Med. 50, 2265\u20132271 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001043","volume":"43","author":"A Sorberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sorberg, A., Allebeck, P., Melin, B., Gunnell, D. & Hemmingsson, T. Cognitive ability in early adulthood is associated with later suicide and suicide attempt: the role of risk factors over the life course. Psychol. Med. 43, 49\u201360 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"1047_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210675","volume":"72","author":"A Sorberg Wallin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sorberg Wallin, A., Allebeck, P., Gustafsson, J. E. & Hemmingsson, T. Childhood IQ and mortality during 53 years\u2019 follow-up of Swedish men and women. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 72, 926\u2013932 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"1047_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3065-2","volume":"16","author":"R Evans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans, R. & Hurrell, C. The role of schools in children and young people\u2019s self-harm and suicide: systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. BMC Public Health 16, 401 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1047_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041392","volume":"7","author":"M Pompili","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pompili, M. et al. Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7, 1392\u20131431 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"1047_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156348","volume":"11","author":"J Poorolajal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poorolajal, J. & Darvishi, N. Smoking and suicide: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11, e0156348\u2013e0156348 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1047_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00329","volume":"72","author":"A Lleras-Muney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lleras-Muney, A. The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Rev. Econ. Stud. 72, 189\u2013221 (2005).","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"1047_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.350","volume":"27","author":"ER Meara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meara, E. R., Richards, S. & Cutler, D. M. The gap gets bigger: changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981-2000. Health Aff. 27, 350\u2013360 (2008).","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"1047_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801238115","volume":"115","author":"DW Belsky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belsky, D. W. et al. Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 115, E7275\u2013E7284 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1047_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2008.02.001","volume":"31","author":"DA Brent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brent, D. A. & Melhem, N. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 31, 157\u2013177 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"1047_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2004.09.001","volume":"14","author":"P Fossati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fossati, P., Radtchenko, A. & Boyer, P. Neuroplasticity: from MRI to depressive symptoms. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14, S503\u2013S510 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1047_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110701857004","volume":"12","author":"JJ Carballo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carballo, J. J., Akamnonu, C. P. & Oquendo, M. A. Neurobiology of suicidal behavior. An integration of biological and clinical findings. Arch. Suicide Res. 12, 93\u2013110 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"1047_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw127","volume":"45","author":"DA Lawlor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawlor, D. A. Commentary: two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 908\u2013915 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR93","first-page":"A13","volume":"2","author":"BC Choi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choi, B. C. & Pak, A. W. A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2, A13 (2005).","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"1047_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0399","volume":"172","author":"JA Bridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bridge, J. A. et al. Age-related racial disparity in suicide rates among US youths from 2001 through 2015. JAMA Pediatrics. 172, 697\u2013699 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics."},{"key":"1047_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00601-z","volume":"6","author":"S Assari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Assari, S. et al. Higher educational attainment is associated with lower risk of a future suicide attempt among non-Hispanic Whites but not non-Hispanic Blacks. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities. 6, 1001\u20131010 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities."},{"key":"1047_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","volume":"186","author":"A Fry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fry, A. et al. Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK biobank participants with those of the general population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 186, 1026\u20131034 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204","volume":"12","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M. & Saffer, B. Y. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annu Rev. Clin. Psychol. 12, 307\u2013330 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"1047_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c3222","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3222","volume":"341","author":"B Runeson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Runeson, B., Tidemalm, D., Dahlin, M., Lichtenstein, P. & L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m, N. Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide: national long term cohort study. BMJ 341, c3222 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1047_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.016","volume":"136","author":"J Stefansson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stefansson, J., Nordstrom, P. & Jokinen, J. Suicide Intent Scale in the prediction of suicide. J. Affect Disord. 136, 167\u2013171 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1047_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0402","volume":"67","author":"L Tondo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tondo, L., Albert, M. J. & Baldessarini, R. J. Suicide rates in relation to health care access in the United States: an ecological study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67, 517\u2013523 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6877","volume":"359","author":"A Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong, A. et al. The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes. Science 359, 424\u2013428 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1047_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq072","volume":"39","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deary, I. J. & Johnson, W. Intelligence and education: causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions. Int. J. Epidemiol. 39, 1362\u20131369 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1047_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","volume":"360","author":"EG Krug","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L. & Zwi, A. B. The world report on violence and health. Lancet 360, 1083\u20131088 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1047_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030760","volume":"9","author":"P V\u00e4rnik","year":"2012","unstructured":"V\u00e4rnik, P. Suicide in the world. Int J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9, 760\u2013771 (2012).","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"1047_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.02.001","volume":"66","author":"B Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, B. et al. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and occupations among employed adults aged 18-64years in the United States. Compr. Psychiatry 66, 176\u2013186 (2016).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1047_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-003-0397-6","volume":"253","author":"AM M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler, A. M. The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: why are men so vulnerable? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 253, 1\u20138 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1047_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2307\/2096076","volume":"58","author":"C Girard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Girard, C. Age, gender, and suicide: a cross-national analysis. Am. Sociol. Rev. 58, 553\u2013574 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"1047_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3262","volume":"128","author":"EB Hysinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hysinger, E. B. et al. Suicidal behavior differs among early and late adolescents treated with antidepressant agents. Pediatrics 128, 447\u2013454. (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1047_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199805000-00005","volume":"6","author":"Y Conwell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Conwell, Y. et al. Age differences in behaviors leading to completed suicide. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 6, 122\u2013126 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01047-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01047-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01047-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:56:39Z","timestamp":1670230599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01047-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-01047-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2019.12.14.19014787","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"388"}}