{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:22:28Z","timestamp":1788826948473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZZ1804A (DIFUTURE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZZ1804A (DIFUTURE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1314A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1314A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1314A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1314A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EE1409C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EE1409C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1314G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1314G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1614G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1614G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EE1406C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EE1406C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU RIA 733161 (MultipleMS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU RIA 733161 (MultipleMS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010566","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTS-546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS-546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["156791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["156791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO246\/10-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO246\/10-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI908\/11-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI908\/11-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two major subtypes of bipolar disorder (BD), BD-I and BD-II, are distinguished based on the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes. Historically, BD-II was perceived as a less severe form of BD-I. Recent research has challenged this concept of a severity continuum. Studies in large samples of unrelated patients have described clinical and genetic differences between the subtypes. Besides an increased schizophrenia polygenic risk load in BD-I, these studies also observed an increased depression risk load in BD-II patients. The present study assessed whether such clinical and genetic differences are also found in BD patients from multiplex families, which exhibit reduced genetic and environmental heterogeneity. Comparing 252 BD-I and 75 BD-II patients from the Andalusian Bipolar Family (ABiF) study, the clinical course, symptoms during depressive and manic episodes, and psychiatric comorbidities were analyzed. Furthermore, polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia, and depression were assessed. BD-I patients not only suffered from more severe symptoms during manic episodes but also more frequently showed incapacity during depressive episodes. A higher BD PRS was significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Moreover, BD-I cases exhibited lower depression PRS. In line with a severity continuum from BD-II to BD-I, our results link BD-I to a more pronounced clinical presentation in both mania and depression and indicate that the polygenic risk load of BD predisposes to more severe disorder characteristics. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the genetic risk burden for depression also shapes disorder presentation and increases the likelihood of BD-II subtype development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01146-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T14:27:20Z","timestamp":1610375240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Clinical and genetic differences between bipolar disorder type 1 and 2 in multiplex families"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Guzman-Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Forstner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Strohmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose\u0301","family":"Gonza\u0301lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Gil Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Cabaleiro Fabeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"del R\u00edo Noriega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fermin","family":"Perez Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Haro Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Orozco Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"de Diego-Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Moreno-Kustner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Auburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Heilmann-Heimbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Herms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4867-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome C.","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Sirignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Cichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferm\u00edn","family":"Mayoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"N\u00f6then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till F. M.","family":"Andlauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Rietschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12","volume":"68","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merikangas, K. R. et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 241\u2013251 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR2","volume-title":"5h edn (DSM-5(TM))","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5h edn (DSM-5(TM)). (American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA, 2013)."},{"key":"1146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.018","volume":"150","author":"G Parker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parker, G. et al. Differentiation of bipolar I and II disorders by examining for differences in severity of manic\/hypomanic symptoms and the presence or absence of psychosis during that phase. J. Affect Disord. 150, 941\u2013947 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000112026","volume":"41","author":"E Brugue","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brugue, E., Colom, F., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Cruz, N. & Vieta, E. Depression subtypes in bipolar I and II disorders. Psychopathology 41, 111\u2013114 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00460.x","volume":"9","author":"FS Goes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goes, F. S. et al. Psychotic features in bipolar and unipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 9, 901\u2013906 (2007).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0791-0","volume":"268","author":"AC Altamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Altamura, A. C. et al. Socio-demographic and clinical characterization of patients with Bipolar Disorder I vs II: a Nationwide Italian Study. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 268, 169\u2013177 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.032","volume":"138","author":"S Bega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bega, S., Schaffer, A., Goldstein, B. & Levitt, A. Differentiating between bipolar disorder types I and II: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). J. Affect Disord. 138, 46\u201353 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karanti A. et al. Characteristics of bipolar I and II disorder: a study of 8766 individuals. Bipolar Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12867 (2019).","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12867"},{"key":"1146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13121","volume":"141","author":"C Cotrena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cotrena, C. et al. Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta-analytic results. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 141, 110\u2013130 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"1146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00561.x","volume":"10","author":"E Vieta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vieta, E. & Suppes, T. Bipolar II disorder: arguments for and against a distinct diagnostic entity. Bipolar Disord. 10, 163\u2013178 (2008).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856218772249","volume":"26","author":"GB Parker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parker, G. B., Romano, M., Graham, R. K. & Ricciardi, T. Comparative familial aggregation of bipolar disorder in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Australas. Psychiatry 26, 414\u2013416 (2018).","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90088-2","volume":"38","author":"E Vieta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vieta, E., Gast\u00f3, C., Otero, A., Nieto, E. & Vallejo, J. Differential features between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 38, 98\u2013101 (1997).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00324-5","volume":"73","author":"LL Judd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Judd, L. L. et al. The comparative clinical phenotype and long term longitudinal episode course of bipolar I and II: A clinical spectrum or distinct disorders? J. Affect Disord. 73, 19\u201332 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.020","volume":"131","author":"JH Baek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baek, J. H. et al. Differences between bipolar i and bipolar II disorders in clinical features, comorbidity, and family history. J. Affect Disord. 131, 59\u201367 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.031","volume":"208","author":"M Vinberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vinberg, M., Mikkelsen, R. L., Kirkegaard, T., Christensen, E. M. & Kessing, L. V. Differences in clinical presentation between bipolar I and II disorders in the early stages of bipolar disorder: a naturalistic study. J. Affect Disord. 208, 521\u2013527 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.020","volume":"105","author":"U Albert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Albert, U., Rosso, G., Maina, G. & Bogetto, F. Impact of anxiety disorder comorbidity on quality of life in euthymic bipolar disorder patients: differences between bipolar I and II subtypes. J. Affect Disord. 105, 297\u2013303 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.02.011","volume":"178","author":"A Forte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forte, A. et al. Long-term morbidity in bipolar-I, bipolar-II, and unipolar major depressive disorders. J. Affect Disord. 178, 71\u201378 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12291","volume":"17","author":"S Pallaskorpi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pallaskorpi, S. et al. Five-year outcome of bipolar I and II disorders: findings of the Jorvi Bipolar Study. Bipolar Disord. 17, 363\u2013374 (2015).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","volume":"51","author":"EA Stahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stahl, E. A. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 793\u2013803 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.014","volume":"84","author":"J Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. Specificity in etiology of subtypes of bipolar disorder: evidence from a Swedish population-based family study. Biol. Psychiatry 84, 810\u2013816 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coleman, J. R. I. et al. The genetics of the mood disorder spectrum: genome-wide association analyses of more than 185,000 cases and 439,000 controls. Biol. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.015 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.015"},{"key":"1146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03372.x","volume":"87","author":"R Heun","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heun, R. & Maier, W. The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 87, 279\u2013284 (1993).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"1146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.1.49","volume":"145","author":"W Coryell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Reich, T., Andreasen, N. & Keller, M. A family study of bipolar II disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 145, 49\u201354 (1984).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(85)90068-0","volume":"8","author":"J Endicott","year":"1985","unstructured":"Endicott, J. et al. Bipolar II. Combine or keep separate? J. Affect Disord. 8, 17\u201328 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2989","volume":"12","author":"J Ott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ott, J., Kamatani, Y. & Lathrop, M. Family-based designs for genome-wide association studies. Nat. Rev. Genet 12, 465\u2013474 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"1146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09293","volume":"76","author":"A Frankland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frankland, A. et al. Comparing the phenomenology of depressive episodes in bipolar I and II disorder and major depressive disorder within bipolar disorder pedigrees. J. Clin. Psychiatry 76, 32\u201339 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.176","volume":"18","author":"AL Collins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Collins, A. L. et al. Identifying bipolar disorder susceptibility loci in a densely affected pedigree. Mol. Psychiatry 18, 1245\u20131246 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andlauer, T. F. M. et al. Bipolar multiplex families have an increased burden of common risk variants for psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0558-2 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0558-2"},{"key":"1146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2017.03.004","volume":"11","author":"J Guzman-Parra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guzman-Parra, J. et al. The Andalusian Bipolar Family (ABiF) Study: protocol and sample description. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 11, 199\u2013207 (2018).","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment."},{"key":"1146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002","volume":"35","author":"J Endicott","year":"1978","unstructured":"Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 837\u2013844 (1978).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B. W. Structured clinical interview for Axis I DSM-IV disorders. Patient Ed (SCID-I\/P, vs 20) (1994).","DOI":"10.1037\/t07827-000"},{"key":"1146_CR32","unstructured":"Mannuzza, S., Fyer, A. J. & Endicott, J. K. D. Family Informant Schedule and Criteria (FISC) (New York Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York, 1985)."},{"key":"1146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4, 7 (2015).","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"1146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000529","volume":"5","author":"BN Howie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howie, B. N., Donnelly, P. & Marchini, J. A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000529 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2354","volume":"44","author":"B Howie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howie, B., Fuchsberger, C., Stephens, M., Marchini, J. & Abecasis, G. R. Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing. Nat. Genet. 44, 955\u2013959 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2307","volume":"10","author":"O Delaneau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delaneau, O., Zagury, J.-F. & Marchini, J. Improved whole-chromosome phasing for disease and population genetic studies. Nat. Methods 10, 5\u20136 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/medgen-2020-2006","volume":"32","author":"M Andlauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andlauer, M. & N\u00f6then, M. M. Polygenic scores for psychiatric disease: from research tool to clinical application. Medizinische Genet. 32, 39\u201345 (2020).","journal-title":"Medizinische Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","volume":"10","author":"T Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge, T., Chen, C. Y., Ni, Y., Feng, Y. C. A. & Smoller, J. W. Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat. Commun. 10, 1\u201310. (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard, D. M. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 343\u2013352 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"S Ripke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1146_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v015.i02","volume":"15","author":"U Halekoh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halekoh, U., H\u00f8jsgaard, S. & Yan, J. The R package geepack for generalized estimating equations. J. Stat. Softw. 15, 1\u201311. (2006).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.02.012","volume":"98","author":"H Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Control for population structure and relatedness for binary traits in genetic association studies via logistic mixed models. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 98, 653\u2013666 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2848","volume":"11","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou, X. & Stephens, M. Efficient multivariate linear mixed model algorithms for genome-wide association studies. Nat. Methods 11, 407\u2013409 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003348","volume":"9","author":"F Dudbridge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dudbridge, F. Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores. PLoS Genet. 9, 1003348 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ni G. et al. A comprehensive evaluation of polygenic score methods across cohorts in psychiatric disorders. MedRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.09.10.20192310 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.10.20192310"},{"key":"1146_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.09.011","volume":"84","author":"A Serretti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Serretti, A. & Olgiati, P. Profiles of \u2018manic\u2019 symptoms in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorders. J. Affect Disord. 84, 159\u2013166 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32344","volume":"168","author":"JM Fullerton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullerton, J. M. et al. Assessment of first and second degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder shows increased genetic risk scores in both affected relatives and young At-Risk Individuals. Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 168, 617\u2013629 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"1146_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01066.x","volume":"116","author":"L Tondo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tondo, L., Lepri, B. & Baldessarini, R. J. Suicidal risks among 2826 Sardinian major affective disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 116, 419\u2013428 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"1146_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.08.005","volume":"47","author":"N Antypa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antypa, N., Antonioli, M. & Serretti, A. Clinical, psychological and environmental predictors of prospective suicide events in patients with Bipolar Disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47, 1800\u20131808 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1146_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182718a07","volume":"200","author":"JY Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song, J. Y. et al. Assessment of risk factors related to suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 200, 978\u2013984 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"1146_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.006","volume":"76","author":"KC Goffin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goffin, K. C. et al. Different characteristics associated with suicide attempts among bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder patients. J. Psychiatr. Res. 76, 94\u2013100 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tidemalm, D., Haglund, A., Karanti, A., Land\u00e9n, M. & Runeson, B. Attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: Risk factors in a cohort of 6086 patients. PLoS ONE 9, e94097 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094097"},{"key":"1146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00786.x","volume":"12","author":"DM Novick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novick, D. M., Swartz, H. A. & Frank, E. Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disord. 12, 1\u20139 (2010).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"1146_CR54","unstructured":"Forstner A. J. et al. Whole-exome sequencing of 81 individuals from 27 multiply affected bipolar disorder families. Transl. Psychiatry 10, 57 (2020)."},{"key":"1146_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0783-0","volume":"10","author":"E Courtois","year":"2020","unstructured":"Courtois, E. et al. Contribution of common and rare damaging variants in familial forms of bipolar disorder and phenotypic outcome. Transl. Psychiatry 10, 124 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01146-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01146-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01146-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T01:40:42Z","timestamp":1674870042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01146-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-01146-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"31"}}