{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:57:41Z","timestamp":1759694261786,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Imaginal retraining is a noncomputerized variant of cognitive bias modification, an intervention aimed at reducing craving in substance use disorders and behavioral addictions. We conducted a dismantling study to elucidate which of its multiple components are effective and hence essential ingredients of the training and which are ineffective (and hence perhaps dispensable) in reducing craving. We randomized 187 smokers to one out of six conditions that instructed participants to perform a brief intervention. In four of these, participants were instructed to perform isolated components of the imaginal retraining protocol, and in the two other conditions participants either suppressed or simply observed (control condition) the image of a cigarette. Before and after the intervention, participants were asked to rate their level of craving and how pleasant they found three smoking-related images. We examined within-group changes by means of paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests separately across conditions (trial registration: DRKS00021044). Mental distancing from cigarettes (without a corresponding actual physical movement; non-motor retraining) led to a significant decline in craving (paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test), which remained significant when compared to the control condition. The effects of other components of the retraining were less consistent. The present study shows that a single therapeutic \u201cdose\u201d of distinct components involved in imaginal retraining can reduce craving for cigarettes. Future trials should investigate the effectiveness of components of imaginal retraining not yet tested (e.g., mood induction) and whether combinations and repetition of single components strengthen or dilute efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01191-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T17:04:29Z","timestamp":1612285469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A dismantling study on imaginal retraining in smokers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8601-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Moritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Gehlenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Ascone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1191_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. European Tobacco Use. Trends Report 2019 (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2019)."},{"key":"1191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318806658","volume":"26","author":"D Aune","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Norat, T. & Riboli, E. Tobacco smoking and the risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 26, 279\u2013288 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"1191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2174\/1574892814666190102122848","volume":"14","author":"A Santoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santoro, A. et al. Tobacco smoking: risk to develop addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Recent Pat. Anticancer Drug Disco. 14, 39\u201352 (2019).","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anticancer Drug Disco."},{"key":"1191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30867-X","volume":"389","author":"J Britton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Britton, J. Death, disease, and tobacco. Lancet 389, 1861\u20131862 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1191_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30819-X","volume":"389","author":"MB Reitsma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reitsma, M. B. et al. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 389, 1885\u20131906 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1191_CR6","first-page":"235","volume":"115","author":"D Kotz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kotz, D., B\u00f6ckmann, M. & Kastaun, S. The use of tobacco, e-cigarettes, and methods to quit smoking in Germany\u2014a representative study using 6 waves of data over 12 months (the DEBRA study). Dtsch Arztebl 115, 235\u2013242 (2018).","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"1191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x","volume":"99","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hughes, J. R., Keely, J. & Naud, S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction 99, 29\u201338 (2004).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyle, R. G., Stanton, C. A., Sharma, E. & Tang, Z. Examining quit attempts and successful quitting after recent cigarette tax increases. Prev. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.11.008 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.11.008"},{"key":"1191_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.11.013","volume":"34","author":"X Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study. Addict. Behav. 34, 365\u2013373 (2009).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1","volume":"8","author":"F Strack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strack, F. & Deutsch, R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 8, 220\u2013247 (2004).","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1191_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702612466547","volume":"1","author":"RW Wiers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E. & Ridderinkhof, K. R. Cognitive bias modification and cognitive control training in addiction and related psychopathology: mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and ways forward. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 1, 192\u2013212 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"1191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.3.443","volume":"132","author":"WM Cox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S. & Pothos, E. M. The Addiction-Stroop test: theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychol. Bull. 132, 443\u2013476 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"1191_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2158-x","volume":"180","author":"K Mogg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mogg, K., Field, M. & Bradley, B. P. Attentional and approach biases for smoking cues in smokers: an investigation of competing theoretical views of addiction. Psychopharmacology 180, 333\u2013341 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.08.007","volume":"64","author":"N Kakoschke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kakoschke, N., Kemps, E. & Tiggemann, M. Approach bias modification training and consumption: a review of the literature. Addict. Behav. 64, 21\u201328 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.11.015","volume":"76","author":"A Machulska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machulska, A., Zlomuzica, A., Rinck, M., Assion, H.-J. & Margraf, J. Approach bias modification in inpatient psychiatric smokers. J. Psychiatr. Res. 76, 44\u201351 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200402000-00004","volume":"15","author":"B Bradley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bradley, B., Field, M., Mogg, K., De & Houwer, J. Attentional and evaluative biases for smoking cues in nicotine dependence: component processes of biases in visual orienting. Behav. Pharm. 15, 29\u201336 (2004).","journal-title":"Behav. Pharm."},{"key":"1191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107083844","volume":"22","author":"B Bradley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bradley, B., Field, M., Healy, H. & Mogg, K. Do the affective properties of smoking-related cues influence attentional and approach biases in cigarette smokers? J. Psychopharmacol. 22, 737\u2013745 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"1191_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0819-7","volume":"194","author":"R Thewissen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thewissen, R., Havermans, R. C., Geschwind, N., van den Hout, M. & Jansen, A. Pavlovian conditioning of an approach bias in low-dependent smokers. Psychopharmacology 194, 33\u201339 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiers, C. E. et al. Automatic approach bias towards smoking cues is present in smokers but not in ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-013-3098-5 (2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3098-5"},{"key":"1191_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.030512","volume":"4","author":"P Watson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watson, P., de Wit, S., Cousijn, J., Hommel, B. & Wiers, R. W. Motivational mechanisms underlying the approach bias to cigarettes. J. Exp. Psychopathol. 4, 250\u2013262 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychopathol."},{"key":"1191_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000509823","volume":"26","author":"S Moritz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moritz, S. et al. Imaginal retraining reduces cigarette smoking: a randomized controlled study. Eur. Addiciction Res 26, 355\u2013364 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Addiciction Res"},{"key":"1191_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.04.001","volume":"64","author":"S Moritz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moritz, S. et al. Imaginal retraining reduces alcohol craving in problem drinkers: a randomized controlled trial. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 64, 158\u2013166 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1191_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0655-7","volume":"9","author":"S Moritz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moritz, S. et al. Imaginal retraining decreases craving for high-calorie food in overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Transl. Psychiatry 9, 319 (2019).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1191_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2015.0053","volume":"4","author":"WJ Boendermaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boendermaker, W. J., Boffo, M. & Wiers, R. W. Exploring elements of fun to motivate youth to do cognitive bias modification. Games Health J. 4, 434\u2013443 (2015).","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"1191_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01525","volume":"6","author":"K Dijkstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dijkstra, K. & Post, L. Mechanisms of embodiment. Front. Psychol. 6, 1525 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1191_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-017-9508-0","volume":"17","author":"E Fridland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fridland, E. & Wiers, C. E. Addiction and embodiment. Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 17, 15\u201342 (2018).","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1191_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.09.004","volume":"109","author":"N Vermeulen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vermeulen, N., Corneille, O. & Niedenthal, P. M. Sensory load incurs conceptual processing costs. Cognition 109, 287\u2013294 (2008).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1191_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-011-0075-2","volume":"39","author":"B Riou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riou, B., Lesourd, M., Brunel, L. & Versace, R. Visual memory and visual perception: when memory improves visual search. Mem. Cogn. 39, 1094\u20131102 (2011).","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"1191_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01929","volume":"6","author":"GT Vallet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vallet, G. T., Brunel, L., Riou, B. & Vermeulen, N. Editorial: Dynamics of sensorimotor interactions in embodied cognition. Front. Psychol. 6, 1929 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1191_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enkema, M. C. et al. Disrupting the path to craving: acting without awareness mediates the link between negative affect and craving. Psychol. Addict. Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000565 (2020).","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000565"},{"key":"1191_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-010-0038-x","volume":"2","author":"J Rogojanski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogojanski, J., Vettese, L. C. & Antony, M. M. Coping with cigarette cravings: comparison of suppression versus mindfulness-based strategies. Mindfulness 2, 14\u201326 (2011).","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"1191_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613479977","volume":"24","author":"WM Sayers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayers, W. M. & Sayette, M. A. Suppression on your own terms: internally generated displays of craving suppression predict rebound effects. Psychol. Sci. 24, 1740\u20131746 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"1191_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.891845","volume":"49","author":"K Witkiewitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Witkiewitz, K. et al. Mindfulness-based treatment to prevent addictive behavior relapse: theoretical models and hypothesized mechanisms of change. Subst. Use Misuse 49, 513\u2013524 (2014).","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"1191_CR34","volume-title":"Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician\u2019s Guide.","author":"S Bowen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bowen, S., Chawla, N. & Marlatt, G. A. Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician\u2019s Guide. (Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2011)."},{"key":"1191_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-042716-051139","volume":"68","author":"JD Creswell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creswell, J. D. Mindfulness interventions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68, 491\u2013516 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"1191_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300030","volume":"28","author":"J-F Etter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Etter, J.-F., Le Houezec, J. & Perneger, T. V. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 359\u2013370 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1191_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.017","volume":"95","author":"J-F Etter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Etter, J.-F. Comparing the validity of the Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 95, 152\u2013159 (2008).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1191_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.12.002","volume":"34","author":"J-F Etter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etter, J.-F., Le Houezec, J., Huguelet, P. & Etter, M. Testing the Cigarette Dependence Scale in 4 samples of daily smokers: psychiatric clinics, smoking cessation clinics, a smoking cessation website and in the general population. Addict. Behav. 34, 446\u2013450 (2009).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1191_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C. & Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. O. The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m Tolerance Questionnaire. Br. J. Addict. 86, 1119\u20131127 (1991).","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"1191_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)90049-3","volume":"19","author":"CS Pomerleau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pomerleau, C. S., Carton, S. M., Lutzke, M. L., Flessland, K. A. & Pomerleau, O. F. Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. Addict. Behav. 19, 33\u201339 (1994).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"1191_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. W. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606\u2013613 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1191_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00072-B","volume":"33","author":"J Annett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Annett, J. Motor imagery: perception or action? Neuropsychologia 33, 1395\u20131417 (1995).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1191_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00073-C","volume":"33","author":"M Jeannerod","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jeannerod, M. Mental imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia 33, 1419\u20131432 (1995).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1191_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24663","volume":"6","author":"H Sugata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sugata, H. et al. Common neural correlates of real and imagined movements contributing to the performance of brain\u2013machine interfaces. Sci. Rep. 6, 24663 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1191_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832","volume":"14","author":"M Jeannerod","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jeannerod, M. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage 14, S103\u2013S109 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01191-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01191-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01191-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T15:23:44Z","timestamp":1669821824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-020-01191-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-01191-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2158-3188"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"92"}}